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The perineal body is a structure that must be assessed when evaluating pelvic floor function. The perineal body moves inferiorly during inhalation as the pelvic floor muscles relax and superiorly during exhalation as these muscles contract. The perineal body helps strengthen the pelvic floor and provides attachments to the following muscles: bulbospongiosus, deep transverse perineal muscle, compressor urethrae, external anal sphincter, internal anal sphincter, external urethral sphincter, and levator ani muscle.
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What You'll Learn
The perineal body and its role in strengthening the pelvic floor
The perineal body is a structure that must be assessed when evaluating pelvic floor function. It moves inferiorly during inhalation as the pelvic floor muscles relax and superiorly during exhalation as these muscles contract. During a voluntary squeeze, the perineal body lifts anterosuperiorly.
The perineal body helps to strengthen the pelvic floor and provides attachments to several muscles, including the bulbospongiosus, deep transverse perineal, compressor urethrae, external anal sphincter, internal anal sphincter, external urethral sphincter, and levator ani muscles. These muscles work together to support the pelvic floor and maintain its integrity.
The deep transverse perineal muscle, in particular, plays a crucial role in fixation of the perineal body, providing support to the pelvic floor, and assisting in the expulsion of semen in males and the last drops of urine in both sexes. This muscle arises from the inferior rami of the ischium and runs to the median plane, where it interlaces with the other deep transverse perineal muscle of the opposite side.
Additionally, the superficial transverse perineal muscle, also known as the Lloyd-Beanie muscle, passes transversely across the perineal space in front of the anus. It arises from tendinous fibres from the inner and forepart of the ischial tuberosity and inserts into the central tendinous point of the perineum (perineal body). This muscle works in conjunction with the external anal sphincter and bulbospongiosus muscles to provide additional support to the pelvic floor.
By understanding the anatomy and function of the perineal body and its associated muscles, individuals can better target and strengthen their pelvic floor, which is essential for maintaining overall pelvic health and preventing issues such as incontinence or prolapse.
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The bulbospongiosus muscle
In women, the bulbospongiosus muscle acts as a tear-resistant body between the vagina and the external anal sphincter, supporting the posterior part of the vaginal wall against prolapse. In men, it lies between the bulb of the penis and the anus.
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The deep transverse perineal muscle
The perineal body helps strengthen the pelvic floor and provides attachments to several muscles, including the deep transverse perineal muscle. This muscle lies in the perineum, a part of the pelvic floor. It arises from the inferior rami of the ischium and runs to the median plane, where it interlaces with the other deep transverse perineal muscle of the opposite side. The deep transverse perineal muscle is innervated by the pudendal nerve.
In men, the deep transverse perineal muscle adheres laterally to the perineal body, while in women, the compressor urethrae muscle adheres anteriorly to the perineal body. The function of the deep transverse perineal muscle is to fixate the perineal body (the central tendon of the perineum), support the pelvic floor, and expel semen in men and the last drops of urine in both sexes.
The perineal body moves inferiorly during inhalation as the pelvic floor muscles relax and superiorly during exhalation as these muscles contract. During a voluntary squeeze, the perineal body lifts anterosuperiorly. Pelvic floor muscle strength can be evaluated through manual vaginal palpation or external palpation of the perineal body using a light touch to detect the balance of forces from tissues converging on it.
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The bulbocavernosus muscle
In males, the bulbocavernosus muscle covers the bulb of the penis and corpora cavernosa. It is located in the middle line of the perineum, in front of the anus. It consists of two symmetrical parts, united along the median line by a tendinous perineal raphe. In females, the bulbocavernosus muscle is found on each side of the vaginal orifice, covering the bulbs of the vestibule.
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The levator ani muscle
The perineal body is a structure that must be assessed when evaluating pelvic floor function. The perineal body moves inferiorly during inhalation as the pelvic floor muscles relax and superiorly during exhalation as these muscles contract. During a voluntary squeeze, the perineal body lifts anterosuperiorly.
The perineal body helps strengthen the pelvic floor and provides attachments to the following muscles: the bulbospongiosus, the deep transverse perineal muscle, the compressor urethrae, the external anal sphincter, the internal anal sphincter, the external urethral sphincter, and the levator ani muscle.
The deep transverse perineal muscle lies in the perineum, a part of the pelvic floor. It arises from the inferior rami of the ischium and runs to the median plane, where it interlaces in a tendinous raphe with the other deep transverse perineal muscle of the opposite side. The function of the muscle is fixation of the perineal body, support of the pelvic floor, expulsion of semen in males and the last drops of urine in both sexes.
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Frequently asked questions
The perineal body is a structure that must be assessed when evaluating pelvic floor function. It moves inferiorly during inhalation as the pelvic floor muscles relax and superiorly during exhalation as these muscles contract.
Electrical stimulation can evoke contraction of all pelvic floor muscles.
The perineal body helps strengthen the pelvic floor and provides attachments to the following muscles: bulbospongiosus, deep transverse perineal muscle, compressor urethrae, external anal sphincter, internal anal sphincter, external urethral sphincter, and levator ani muscle.
The bulbocavernosus muscle in male individuals consists of 2 symmetrical portions connected by a thin medial tendon. It aids in the emptying of the urethra after bladder evacuation, relaxing during urination and activating at the end of the process.
Muscle strength is graded using the Modified Oxford Grading System, with severity scores. An alternative method involves external palpation of the perineal body using a light touch to detect the balance of forces from tissues converging on the perineal body.
