Dominic Stone
Muscle formation is a complex process that begins in the early stages of fetal development. It involves the fusion of specialised long and tubular cells, known as myocytes, which band together in a process called myogenesis. These myocytes are formed from the fusion of myoblasts, which are themselves derived from progenitor cells originating in the dermomyotome. Muscle tissue is composed of large collections of these fibres, which come in various shapes, sizes and forms. The human body has three types of muscle cells: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. This process of muscle formation continues throughout life, with exercise and repair mechanisms contributing to the formation of new muscle mass and the regeneration of old or damaged muscle fibres.
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What You'll Learn
Muscle formation begins in the dermomyotome
The cells from the dermomyotome give rise to progenitor cells that will enter the muscle lineage. These progenitor cells further differentiate into myoblasts, which are the precursors to myocytes. Myoblasts fuse to form a single long tubular cell called a myocyte, which is a muscle fibre. Muscle tissue is composed of large collections of these fibres.
Myogenesis refers to the process of muscle formation, and there are three waves of myogenesis. The first, or embryonic, wave gives rise to primary fibres that go on to form type I fibres. The second, or fetal, wave gives rise to secondary fibres that mostly develop into type II fibres. The third wave consists of satellite cells that either proliferate and contribute myonuclei to the hypertrophying newly formed fibres, or become quiescent until they are needed for muscle repair or to support workload-induced hypertrophy.
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Myoblasts fuse to form myocytes
Muscle formation, or myogenesis, occurs when specialised long and tubular cells, known as myocytes, band together. These myocytes are formed when myoblasts fuse together. This process takes place early in fetal development, and is repeated with exercise and throughout a person's life to form new muscle mass and repair old or damaged muscle.
Myoblasts are progenitor cells that arise from the dermomyotome. They undergo variable levels of proliferation, before differentiating into myocytes. The fusion of myoblasts into muscle fibres takes many hours of preparation, but the fusion process itself is very rapid.
Myoblasts can also give rise to satellite cells, which are located under the basal lamina that surrounds myofibres. After injury, satellite cells exit from quiescence and get activated, giving rise to myoblasts. These satellite cells can also proliferate and contribute myonuclei to newly formed fibres, or become quiescent until they are needed for muscle repair or to support workload-induced hypertrophy.
There are three waves of myogenesis. The first, or embryonic wave, gives rise to primary fibres that go on to form type I fibres. The second, or fetal wave, gives rise to secondary fibres that mostly develop into type II fibres. The third wave consists of the satellite cells.
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Myogenesis occurs in three waves
Myogenesis is the process by which muscles are formed when specialised long and tubular cells, known as myocytes, band together. Myoblasts fuse to form a single long tubular cell called a myocyte (a muscle fibre). Muscle tissue is composed of large collections of these fibres. The human body has three types of muscle cells: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Smooth muscles line the inside of all our hollow organs like the intestines and the stomach. That’s except for the heart, which contains cardiac muscles.
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Muscle growth can occur through hypertrophy
Muscles are formed when specialised long and tubular cells, known as myocytes, band together in a process called myogenesis. These fibres are distributed throughout the body and come in many different shapes, sizes and forms. The human body has three types of muscle cells: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Smooth muscles line the inside of all our hollow organs like the intestines and the stomach, while the heart contains cardiac muscles.
Myoblasts fuse to form a single long tubular cell called a myocyte (a muscle fibre). Muscle tissue is composed of large collections of these fibres. The fusion of myoblasts into muscle fibres takes place early in fetal development. With exercise and throughout a person's life, the process is repeated to form new muscle mass and repair old or damaged muscle.
There are three waves of myogenesis: the embryonic wave, the fetal wave and the third wave. The embryonic wave gives rise to primary fibres that go on to form type I fibres, while the fetal wave gives rise to secondary fibres that mostly develop into type II fibres. The third wave consists of satellite cells that either proliferate and contribute myonuclei to the hypertrophying newly formed fibres, or become quiescent until they are needed for muscle repair or to support workload-induced hypertrophy.
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Smooth muscles line the inside of hollow organs
Muscles are formed when specialised long and tubular cells, known as myocytes, band together in a process called myogenesis. The human body has three types of muscle cells: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Smooth muscles line the inside of all our hollow organs, like the intestines and the stomach.
Myogenesis can be divided into three waves. The first, or 'embryonic', wave gives rise to primary fibres that go on to form type I fibres. The second, or 'fetal', wave gives rise to secondary fibres that mostly develop into type II fibres. The third wave consists of satellite cells that either proliferate and contribute myonuclei to the hypertrophying newly formed fibres, or become quiescent until they are needed for muscle repair or to support workload-induced hypertrophy.
During the first part of myogenesis, Pax3+ cells delaminate from the extremities of the dermomyotome and form the myotome. In the second phase (primary myogenesis), Pax3/Pax7 positive cells migrate from the central region of the dermomyotome to complete skeletal muscle formation. At the end of fetal development, a group of Pax3/Pax7 positive cells give rise to adult muscle stem cells.
In later stages of gestation, the formation of new muscle fibres slows and muscle growth from then on is mostly by hypertrophy (i.e., the muscle fibres increase in diameter and length rather than new fibres). With exercise and throughout a person's life, the process of myogenesis is repeated to form new muscle mass and repair old or damaged muscle.
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Frequently asked questions
Muscles form when specialised long and tubular cells, known as myocytes, band together in a process called myogenesis.
Myocytes are formed when myoblasts fuse together. Myocytes are muscle fibres and muscle tissue is made up of large collections of these fibres.
Myoblasts are progenitor cells that will enter the muscle lineage. They are formed from cells in the dermomyotome.
In later stages of gestation, the formation of new muscle fibres slows and muscle growth is mostly by hypertrophy, i.e. the muscle fibres increase in diameter and length rather than new fibres being formed.
