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Heat is produced by muscles during exercise, when sustained muscle movement causes body temperature to rise. This is due to the breakdown of ATP during muscle contraction, which requires energy. The heat produced by muscles can be accurately quantified during dynamic knee-extension exercise by summing the heat stored in the contracting muscles, the heat removed to the body core by the circulation, and the heat released to the skin and environment.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| How heat is produced | Muscle contraction requires energy, and when ATP is broken down, heat is produced |
| When heat is produced | During exercise, when sustained muscle movement causes body temperature to rise, and in cases of extreme cold, when shivering produces random skeletal muscle contractions to generate heat |
| How heat is released | (a) heat storage in the contracting muscles, (b) heat removal to the body core by the circulation, and (c) heat release to the skin and environment |
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What You'll Learn
Heat is produced when ATP is broken down during muscle contraction
Heat is produced when adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is broken down during muscle contraction. This process is called ATP resynthesis and it powers muscle contractions. The amount of heat produced depends on the type of reaction that occurs during ATP resynthesis. For example, when the reaction is powered by the breakdown of PCr, less heat is produced than when ATP is resynthesised via oxidation.
ATP is broken down to provide energy for muscle contractions. During intense exercise, the body's skeletal muscles produce a lot of heat. This is because muscle contractions require energy, and when ATP is broken down to provide this energy, heat is produced. The heat produced by skeletal muscles is very noticeable during exercise when sustained muscle movement causes body temperature to rise.
The heat produced by muscle contractions can be measured by looking at the cost of contraction (moles of ATP hydrolysis per watt of power output). This can be measured under anaerobic conditions, which suggests that the decreasing efficiency of the crossbridge coupling during maximal exercise is not the cause of elevated heat production.
The total heat produced by skeletal muscles can be accurately quantified by summing the heat stored in the contracting muscles, the heat removed to the body core by the circulation, and the heat released to the skin and environment.
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Heat is noticeable during exercise when body temperature rises
Heat is very noticeable during exercise when body temperature rises. This is because muscle contraction requires energy, and when ATP is broken down, heat is produced. The heat produced during muscle contraction is the result of enhanced heat liberation during ATP production when aerobic metabolism gradually becomes dominant after PCr and glycogenolysis have initially provided most of the energy. The magnitude and rate of elevation in heat production by human skeletal muscle during exercise in vivo can be accurately quantified by summing: (a) heat storage in the contracting muscles, (b) heat removal to the body core by the circulation, and (c) heat release to the skin and environment.
The contribution of muscle oxygen uptake and net lactate release to total energy turnover increased curvilinearly from 32% and 2%, respectively, during the first 30 seconds to 86% and 8%, respectively, during the last 30 seconds of exercise. The combined energy contribution from net ATP hydrolysis, net PCr hydrolysis and muscle lactate accumulation is estimated to decline from 37% to 3% comparing the same time intervals.
In cases of extreme cold, shivering produces random skeletal muscle contractions to generate heat.
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Shivering produces random skeletal muscle contractions to generate heat
Muscle contraction requires energy, and when ATP is broken down, heat is produced. This heat is noticeable during exercise, when sustained muscle movement causes body temperature to rise. The heat produced during muscle contraction is the result of the near-equilibrium state of the creatine kinase reaction. The immediate heat liberated is only ∼35 kJ per mole of ATP used, compared to ∼72 kJ per mole of ATP used when ATP is resynthesised via oxidation.
The combined energy contribution from net ATP hydrolysis, net PCr hydrolysis and muscle lactate accumulation is estimated to decline from 37% to 3% when comparing the first 30 seconds of exercise to the last 30 seconds. The magnitude and rate of elevation in heat production by human skeletal muscle during exercise in vivo could be the result of the enhanced heat liberation during ATP production when aerobic metabolism gradually becomes dominant after PCr and glycogenolysis have initially provided most of the energy.
The total skeletal muscle heat production in humans performing intense work can be accurately quantified during dynamic knee-extension exercise by summing: (a) heat storage in the contracting muscles, (b) heat removal to the body core by the circulation, and (c) heat release to the skin and environment.
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Heat is released to the skin and environment
The heat produced during muscle contraction is also dependent on the type of energy source used. For example, when ATP resynthesis is powered by a net breakdown of PCr, the immediate heat liberated is only ∼35 kJ per mole of ATP used due to the near-equilibrium state of the creatine kinase reaction. In contrast, when ATP is resynthesised via oxidation, the heat liberated is ∼72 kJ per mole of ATP used.
The contribution of muscle oxygen uptake and net lactate release to total energy turnover also affects heat production. During the first 30 seconds of exercise, muscle oxygen uptake and net lactate release contribute 32% and 2% respectively to total energy turnover. During the last 30 seconds of exercise, these contributions increase to 86% and 8% respectively.
Finally, it is important to note that heat is not ideal for all types of muscle soreness or pain. If a muscle or area of the body is inflamed in addition to being sore, ice is recommended. Ice numbs the area and reduces inflammation by narrowing blood vessels, thereby reducing the flow of blood.
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Ice is recommended for muscle inflammation
However, heat isn't ideal for all types of muscle soreness or pain. If a muscle is inflamed, ice is recommended. Ice numbs the area and reduces inflammation by narrowing blood vessels, thereby reducing the flow of blood. This is in contrast to heat, which widens blood vessels.
The magnitude and rate of elevation in heat production by human skeletal muscle during exercise in vivo could be the result of the enhanced heat liberation during ATP production when aerobic metabolism gradually becomes dominant after PCr and glycogenolysis have initially provided most of the energy.
In conclusion, ice is recommended for muscle inflammation because it reduces blood flow to the area, helping to reduce inflammation. Heat, on the other hand, widens blood vessels and increases blood flow, which may not be ideal for inflamed muscles.
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Frequently asked questions
Muscles produce heat through muscle contraction, which requires energy. When ATP is broken down, heat is produced.
The heat produced by muscles is either stored in the contracting muscles, removed to the body core by the circulation, or released to the skin and environment.
Muscles produce heat to maintain homeostasis in the body. This is particularly noticeable during exercise, when sustained muscle movement causes body temperature to rise.
