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Skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity for regeneration after injury. Whether the injury is caused by physical trauma, or is the result of normal wear and tear, the process of muscle regeneration is divided into two main phases: a degenerative phase, followed by a regenerative phase. The degenerative phase is characterised by inflammation and degeneration of the damaged tissue, and the activation of satellite cells. The regenerative phase involves the proliferation, differentiation and fusion of satellite cells to form multinucleated myofibers.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Muscle regeneration phases | Degenerative phase, regenerative phase |
| Muscle regeneration factors | Viable population of satellite cells, reinnervation, revascularization |
| Muscle regeneration process | Inflammation, degeneration of damaged tissue, activation of satellite cells, proliferation, differentiation, fusion to form multinucleated myofibers |
| Muscle regeneration support | Surgical techniques, physical therapy, biomaterials, muscular tissue engineering, cell therapy |
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What You'll Learn
- Muscle regeneration after injury follows a similar process to muscle development during embryogenesis
- Muscle regeneration is divided into two main phases: degenerative and regenerative
- Muscle repair is characterised by inflammation and degeneration of damaged tissue
- Muscle regeneration is limited by three major factors: a viable population of satellite cells, reinnervation, and revascularisation
- Strategies to promote muscle repair include surgical techniques, physical therapy, biomaterials, muscular tissue engineering and cell therapy
Muscle regeneration after injury follows a similar process to muscle development during embryogenesis
Muscle damage occurs following a variety of injuries, including direct injury caused by crushing, puncturing, cutting, or freezing; ischemia; direct application of local anaesthetics; eccentric exercise, and a variety of neuromuscular diseases. Regardless of the nature of the injury, the process of fibre regeneration appears to follow a common pathway.
The initial phase of muscle repair is characterised by inflammation and degeneration of the damaged tissue. Almost simultaneously, previous quiescent myogenic cells, called satellite cells, are activated, proliferate, differentiate and fuse to form multinucleated myofibers. Other non-muscle stem cells may also take part in this process. Secreted factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and others, are released during muscle repair and guide muscle regeneration, however, their exact functions and effects on muscle remodelling remain unknown.
To promote muscle repair and regeneration, different strategies have been developed within the last century and especially during the last few decades, including surgical techniques, physical therapy, biomaterials, and muscular tissue engineering as well as cell therapy.
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Muscle regeneration is divided into two main phases: degenerative and regenerative
The regenerative phase follows the degenerative phase. During this phase, the satellite cells proliferate, differentiate and fuse to form multinucleated myofibers. Other non-muscle stem cells may also take part in this process. Secreted factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and others, are released during muscle repair and guide muscle regeneration. However, their exact functions and effects on muscle remodelling remain unknown.
Muscle damage can occur from a variety of injuries, including direct injury caused by crushing, puncturing, cutting, or freezing; ischemia; direct application of local anaesthetics; eccentric exercise, and a variety of neuromuscular diseases. Skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity for regeneration after injuries resulting in either partial or complete damage to the muscle fibres. To promote muscle repair and regeneration, different strategies have been developed, including surgical techniques, physical therapy, biomaterials, and muscular tissue engineering as well as cell therapy.
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Muscle repair is characterised by inflammation and degeneration of damaged tissue
The process of muscle regeneration is divided into two main phases: a degenerative phase followed by a regenerative phase. The degenerative phase is characterised by extreme muscle necrosis and disruption of the muscular architecture. This early phase is also accompanied by the activation of satellite cells, which proliferate, differentiate, and fuse to form multinucleated myofibers. Other non-muscle stem cells may also take part in this process.
Secreted factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), are released during muscle repair and guide muscle regeneration. However, their exact functions and effects on muscle remodelling remain unknown.
Muscle damage can occur due to a variety of injuries, including direct injury caused by crushing, puncturing, cutting, or freezing; ischemia; direct application of local anaesthetics; eccentric exercise; and a range of neuromuscular diseases.
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Muscle regeneration is limited by three major factors: a viable population of satellite cells, reinnervation, and revascularisation
Muscle regeneration is a two-phase process, with a degenerative phase followed by a regenerative phase. The degenerative phase is characterised by muscle necrosis, disruption of muscular architecture, and inflammation. The regenerative phase involves the activation, proliferation, fusion, and differentiation of satellite cells, which are located in the myofiber niche.
Satellite cells are a designated population of adult stem cells that are generally quiescent. They are activated by the loss of myofiber integrity, which is the first inductive stimulus for muscle regeneration. Once activated, they undergo symmetric divisions to generate new stem cells and numerous proliferating myoblasts that later differentiate to muscle cells (myocytes) to rebuild the muscle fibre.
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Strategies to promote muscle repair include surgical techniques, physical therapy, biomaterials, muscular tissue engineering and cell therapy
Skeletal muscle cells have a remarkable ability to regenerate after injury. This is true whether the injury is caused by daily wear and tear or physical trauma. The process of muscle regeneration is divided into two main phases: a degenerative phase followed by a regenerative phase. The degenerative phase is characterised by muscle necrosis, disruption of muscular architecture, and inflammation.
There are several strategies to promote muscle repair, including surgical techniques, physical therapy, biomaterials, muscular tissue engineering, and cell therapy. Surgical techniques can be used to repair large volumes of muscle loss. Physical therapy can help to stimulate muscle regeneration and restore function. Biomaterials, such as scaffolds, can be used to support and guide muscle regeneration. Muscular tissue engineering involves the use of stem cells and growth factors to regenerate muscle tissue. Cell therapy can also be used to promote muscle repair and regeneration.
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Frequently asked questions
Muscle regeneration after injury has similarities to muscle development during embryogenesis and seems to follow the same procedure. The initial phase of muscle repair is characterised by inflammation and degeneration of the damaged tissue.
Almost simultaneously, previous quiescent myogenic cells, called satellite cells, are activated, proliferate, differentiate and fuse to form multinucleated myofibers.
Other non-muscle stem cells may also take part in this process.
Secreted factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and others, are released during muscle repair and guide muscle regeneration.
The process of muscle regeneration is divided into two main phases; a degenerative phase followed by a regenerative phase.
