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The human body is a complex system, and learning about its anatomy can be challenging. One of the many muscles in the human body is the longus muscle, which can refer to several muscles, including the fibularis (peroneus) longus, adductor longus, palmaris longus, extensor digitorum longus, longus colli, and extensor hallucis longus. Each of these muscles has distinct origins, insertions, functions, and anatomical locations. For example, the fibularis longus is a long muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg, responsible for plantarflexion and eversion of the foot on the ankle joint. On the other hand, the adductor longus is a fan-shaped muscle in the medial aspect of the thigh, aiding in adducting the thigh at the hip joint. The palmaris longus is a long muscle in the anterior forearm, contributing to wrist flexion and grip strength. Understanding the unique characteristics of each longus muscle is essential for comprehending their respective functions and roles in the human body.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Muscle Type | Fibularis longus, Adductor longus, Palmaris longus, Extensor digitorum longus, Longus colli, Extensor hallucis longus |
| Muscle Location | Lateral compartment of the leg, Medial aspect of the thigh, Anterior forearm, Extensor compartment, Vertebral column, Anterior compartment of the leg |
| Muscle Shape | Long, Fan-shaped, Long, Lateral, Paired, Thin |
| Muscle Function | Plantarflexion and eversion of the foot, Adduction of the thigh, Wrist flexion, Grip, Dorsiflexion of the foot, Forward and lateral flexion of the neck, Extension of the big toe |
| Innervation | Superficial fibular nerve, Obturator nerve, N/A, Deep fibular nerve, N/A, N/A |
| Blood Supply | Ulnar artery, Obturator artery, N/A, Anterior tibial artery, N/A, N/A |
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What You'll Learn
Fibularis longus muscle
The fibularis longus muscle, also known as the peroneus longus muscle, is a long muscle located in the lateral compartment of the leg. It is the longest and most superficial of the three fibularis muscles. The fibularis longus arises from the head and upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula and occasionally from the lateral condyle of the tibia. The muscle ends in a long tendon, which wraps around and runs behind the lateral malleolus of the ankle. The tendon then continues under the foot to attach to the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones.
The primary function of the fibularis longus muscle is to produce plantar flexion and eversion of the foot at the ankle. Plantar flexion is the movement of extending the foot downward away from the body, while eversion tilts the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body. The fibularis longus muscle works together with the fibularis brevis muscle to maintain the transverse arch of the foot. This helps to steady the leg upon the foot, especially when standing on one leg.
The fibularis longus muscle is supplied by the superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1), which arises from the fifth lumbar and first sacral roots of the spinal cord. The muscle receives innervation from the superficial peroneal nerve, which is a branch of the common peroneal nerve. The anterior tibial artery and peroneal artery supply the fibularis longus muscle.
To engage the fibularis longus muscle, you can perform exercises that involve plantar flexion and eversion of the foot at the ankle. For example, you can try standing on one leg and focusing on steadying your leg upon your foot. Additionally, you can try exercises that target the lateral compartment of the leg, where the fibularis longus muscle is located.
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Adductor longus muscle
The adductor longus is a large, fan-shaped muscle located in the medial aspect of the thigh. It is one of the five adductor muscles of the medial thigh, which also include the adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis muscles. The adductor longus is the most superficial muscle of the adductors and assists in adduction and hip internal rotation.
The adductors are an important muscle group that contributes to hip strength and mobility. They provide lower-body stability during daily activities such as walking, climbing stairs, and squatting. Athletes, in particular, rely on the adductors for explosive movements such as running, jumping, and quickly moving from side to side.
The adductors are often overlooked in strength training and can be challenging to train properly. However, it is important to include exercises that target these muscles to improve mobility and decrease the risk of injury. Toning, strengthening, and stretching the adductors can improve athletic performance and overall lower-body strength.
To engage the adductor longus and other adductor muscles, specific exercises such as lunges, hip extensions, and squats can be performed. Resistance bands are particularly useful for adductor training as they provide targeted resistance and allow for a greater range of motion. Additionally, warm-up exercises like the foam roller adductor roll can help mobilize the adductors and reduce the risk of a groin strain.
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Palmaris longus muscle
The palmaris longus muscle is a long, thin muscle located in the anterior forearm. It extends from the distal humerus to the root of the hand and is one of the five superficial flexors of the forearm. The other four are the pronator teres, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. The palmaris longus is the most superficial of these muscles.
The palmaris longus muscle is a weak flexor and wrist flexor. It works with the long flexors of the forearm to flex the hand on the wrist, and it also helps to tighten and tension the palmar aponeurosis. This contributes to maintaining the hand's grip while holding certain objects. The muscle is innervated by the median nerve and receives blood supply from a branch of the anterior ulnar recurrent artery, a branch of the ulnar artery.
The palmaris longus is a popular muscle for tendon grafts for the wrist due to its length, diameter, and the fact that it can be used without causing functional deformities. It is also used for the correction of claw-finger deformities, opponensplasty, and radial palsy. The muscle is absent in some individuals, and its absence does not cause any functional loss in grip and pinch strength. Studies have shown that almost 30% of the population may be lacking this muscle in one or both forearms, and it is more commonly absent in women than men.
The evolutionary interpretation of the muscle's absence is that humans inherited it through common descent, but as the thumb apparatus developed, the palmaris longus became vestigial. Close primate relatives such as chimpanzees and gorillas also do not actively employ this muscle.
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Extensor digitorum longus muscle
The extensor digitorum longus (EDL) is a feather-like, pennate muscle located in the lower anterior portion of the leg. It is one of four muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg, alongside the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus (fibularis) tertius. The EDL is the most lateral muscle in the anterior compartment.
The extensor digitorum longus originates from the inferior part of the lateral tibial condyle, the proximal half of the medial surface of the fibula, and the anterior surface of the interosseus membrane. The muscle then descends inferiorly and, just above the ankle, gives off a tendon that passes under the superior extensor retinaculum and through the inferior extensor retinaculum. Within the inferior extensor retinaculum, the tendon splits into four smaller tendons that are all wrapped together with a synovial sheath. These tendons run forward on the dorsum of the foot and are inserted into the second, third, and fourth phalanges of the four lesser toes.
The function of the extensor digitorum longus is to dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes. The literal meaning of extensor digitorum longus is "long toe extender", which aptly describes its function. The muscle is commonly used in actions such as walking upstairs.
To strengthen the extensor digitorum longus, exercises such as rubber band finger extensions, wrist curls, and toe spreads can be performed. Simply walking on the heels for 2 minutes every day is also an effective way to exercise this muscle. Additionally, dorsiflexion of the ankle is a great way to strengthen the extensor digitorum longus and reduce the likelihood of future pain and inflammation.
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Longus colli muscle
The longus colli muscle, or "long muscle of the neck" in Latin, is a prevertebral muscle of the neck that is innervated by the anterior rami of C2-C6 from the cervical plexus. It is a weak flexor of the cervical spine and, when contracting unilaterally, tilts and rotates the cervical spine to the ipsilateral side.
The longus colli muscle is situated on the anterior surface of the vertebral column, between the atlas and the third thoracic vertebra. It is broad in the middle, narrow and pointed at either end, and consists of three portions: a superior oblique, an inferior oblique, and a vertical. The superior oblique portion arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebrae. Ascending obliquely with a medial inclination, it is inserted by a narrow tendon into the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas. The inferior oblique portion, the smallest part of the muscle, arises from the front of the bodies of the first two or three thoracic vertebrae; and, ascending obliquely in a lateral direction, is inserted into the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae. The vertical or intermediate part of the muscle arises from the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies of the C5-T3 vertebrae. The fibres of the vertical portion of the muscle travel directly upwards to insert onto the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies of C2-C4.
The muscle receives blood from the ascending cervical artery, a small branch of the inferior thyroid artery from the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery. It also receives blood from the ascending pharyngeal artery.
The longus colli muscle works synergistically with the longus capitis and scalene muscles. The action of the muscle is assisted by gravity and by the powerful sternocleidomastoid muscles.
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Frequently asked questions
The adductor longus is a large, fan-shaped muscle located in the medial aspect of the thigh. It is one of the adductors of the thigh, along with the adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus and gracilis muscles. The primary function of this muscle group is to adduct the thigh at the hip joint.
The fibularis longus is a long muscle located in the lateral compartment of the leg. It is one of two muscles that run within a tunnel in a common synovial sheath. The main function of this muscle is to produce the plantarflexion and eversion of the foot on the ankle joint.
The palmaris longus is a long muscle of the anterior forearm, extending from the distal humerus to the root of the hand. It is the most superficial muscle of the superficial forearm flexors. The specific actions of the palmaris longus are wrist flexion and tensioning the palmar aponeurosis.
