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The adductor is a muscle, or more specifically, a group of muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh. The three primary adductor muscles are the adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus. These muscles are responsible for drawing the legs inwards towards each other, a movement known as adduction. They also play a role in rotating and flexing the thigh, as well as stabilizing the pelvis during controlled activities such as walking. The adductors originate on the pubis and ischium bones (the lower portions of the pelvis) and attach along the femur (thighbone). While the adductors have many functions, they are often overlooked in strength training and rehabilitation programs, which can lead to injuries such as groin strain.
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What You'll Learn
The adductor is a group of three muscles
The adductor longus is a large, fan-shaped muscle that lies in front of the adductor magnus and adductor brevis. It originates from the anterior surface of the pubis and inserts onto the middle third of the medial lip of the linea aspera. The adductor longus provides medial rotation of the thigh and is involved in external/lateral rotation and flexion.
The adductor brevis is a short muscle that lies underneath the adductor longus. It originates from the upper part of the inferior ramus of the pubis and inserts into the anterior surface of the insertion aponeurosis of the adductor minimus or the upper part of the pectineal line.
The adductor magnus is the largest muscle in the medial compartment and lies posteriorly to the other muscles. It has two portions: the adductor portion, which originates on the pubis and ischium, and the hamstring portion, which has its proximal attachment on the ischial tuberosity. The adductor magnus is involved in both flexion and extension of the thigh, as well as medial rotation. It is the most commonly injured muscle in this group.
In addition to these three primary muscles, some sources include the gracilis as part of the adductor muscle group. The gracilis is the most superficial and medial of the hip adductors, crossing both the hip and knee joints. It adducts the thigh at the hip and flexes the leg at the knee.
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Adduction of the thigh
The adductor longus is a large, flat muscle that partially covers the adductor brevis and magnus, forming the medial border of the femoral triangle. It contributes to medial rotation and provides adduction of the thigh. The adductor brevis, the shortest of the adductors, lies underneath the adductor longus and is responsible for the adduction of the thigh. It also plays a role in hip flexion.
The adductor magnus is the largest muscle in the medial compartment and is commonly injured. It consists of two parts: the adductor part and the ischiocondylar (hamstring) part. The adductor part is considered part of the medial thigh compartment, while the hamstring part belongs to the posterior compartment of the thigh. The gracilis is the most superficial and medial of the hip adductors, crossing both the hip and knee joints. It adducts the thigh at the hip and flexes the leg at the knee.
In addition to these four primary muscles, the pectineus muscle assists in adduction and hip flexion. It is the only adductor muscle innervated by the femoral nerve, while the others are primarily innervated by the obturator nerve. The obturator nerve arises from the lumbar plexus and helps stabilize the pelvis and lower extremity during gait, as well as assisting in postural control.
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Adductor longus
The adductor longus is a muscle located in the medial compartment of the thigh. It is one of the four primary hip adductor muscles, along with the adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis. These muscles are responsible for moving the thigh closer to the body's central axis and play a crucial role in stabilising the pelvis during walking and other controlled activities.
The adductor longus is a large, fan-shaped or flat muscle that forms the medial border of the femoral triangle and the floor of the adductor canal. It originates from the anterior surface of the body of the pubis, inferior to the pubic crest, and lateral to the pubic symphysis. The muscle inserts onto the middle third of the medial lip of the linea aspera, between the insertion of the adductor magnus and the origin of the vastus medialis muscle.
The adductor longus has several important functions. Its main actions are to adduct and externally rotate the thigh, and it also contributes to flexion and anteversion. Additionally, it helps to stabilise the pelvis during standing and aids in balancing the body on the lower limb during walking.
The blood supply to the adductor longus comes from two arteries: the deep femoral artery (a branch of the femoral artery) and the obturator artery (a branch of the internal iliac artery). The obturator nerve, a branch of the lumbar plexus, supplies the adductor longus with sensation.
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Adductor brevis
Adductor muscles are a group of muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh that bring the thighs together (called adduction). The adductor brevis is a flat, triangular muscle found in the inner thigh. It is one of the shortest muscles in the adductor group.
The adductor brevis muscle has a narrow origin located on the anterior surface of the body of the pubis, with some fibres arising from the lateral surface of the inferior pubic ramus. From there, the muscle widens into a triangular shape as it runs towards its insertion on the femur. The muscle inserts via an aponeurosis on the superior half of the medial lip of the linea aspera. The insertion continues halfway down an imaginary line between the lesser trochanter and linea aspera. This wide insertion is located on the upper third of the femur, medial to the insertion of the adductor magnus, and lateral to the insertion of the pectineus muscle.
The adductor brevis muscle is innervated by the obturator nerve, which arises from the lumbar plexus. The blood supply for the adductor brevis muscle typically comes from the deep femoral artery (profunda femoris) and from its branch, the artery for the adductors. It can also be supplied partially from the medial circumflex femoral and obturator artery.
The adductor brevis muscle is a weak adductor of the thigh. It helps to produce movements of the hip joint, primarily thigh adduction, but it also participates in flexion, internal and external rotation, and stabilisation of the pelvis while standing or walking.
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Adductor magnus
The adductor part can be divided into two portions: the superior portion, which arises from the pubic ramus, and the inferior portion, which arises from the ischial ramus. The superior portion of the adductor part passes obliquely and almost horizontally to insert at the upper part of the linea aspera. The larger, inferior portion of the adductor part fibres that originate from the ischial ramus fan out inferolaterally to insert along the entire length of the linea aspera and the upper part of the medial supracondylar line. These fibres insert indirectly via a broad aponeurosis, which contains 4-5 oseo-aponeurotic openings, maintained by tendinous arches attached to the bone.
The ischiocondylar part of the Adductor Magnus forms a thick medial margin that descends almost vertically towards the lower end of the thigh. It ends in a rounded tendon and inserts at the adductor tubercle on the medial femoral condyle. The adductor magnus occupies the majority of the medial portion of the thigh. Anterior to the adductor magnus muscle are the pectineus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis. The adductor magnus is a powerful adductor of the thigh, especially active when the legs are moved from a wide-spread position to one in which the legs are parallel to each other.
The adductor magnus plays a similar function to the deltoid muscle. One portion flexes the thigh and works as a medial rotator, while the other extends the thigh and is a lateral rotator, and both portions adduct the thigh. The adductor magnus is a dynamic stabilizer of the pelvis and femur, as well as a prime mover of the femur into adduction. The hip extension moment arm length of the adductor magnus changes with the hip angle, and it is a more effective hip extensor than the hamstrings or gluteus maximus when the hip is flexed.
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Frequently asked questions
The adductor muscle is any muscle that draws a body part toward its median line or the axis of an extremity. The adductor muscle group in the thigh includes the adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus.
The adductor muscle group in the thigh is responsible for bringing the legs inwards toward each other (adduction) when the leg is extended and stabilizing the pelvis. They also aid in rotation and flexion of the thigh.
Examples of adductor muscles include the adductor pollicis, which draws in and opposes the thumb, and the adductor hallucis, which acts on the great toe.
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