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Muscle relaxants, also known as muscle relaxers, are medications that help reduce muscle spasms and tension. They can be divided into two major drug classes: antispastics and antispasmodics. Antispastics are used to treat muscle spasticity, an abnormal increase in muscle tone or stiffness, by blocking nerve impulses in the muscles. Antispasmodics, on the other hand, are used to treat muscle spasms, which are sudden, involuntary contractions of a muscle or group of muscles. While prescription medications are available for muscle relaxation, over-the-counter (OTC) medications can also be effective in reducing muscle pain and spasms. However, it is important to note that some natural remedies and supplements, such as cherries, blueberries, arnica, capsaicin, CBD oil, and peppermint oil, have also been explored for their potential muscle-relaxing properties.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Type | Prescription and over-the-counter medications |
| Drug classes | Antispastics and antispasmodics |
| Antispastics | Treat muscle spasticity, an abnormal increase in muscle tone or stiffness |
| Antispasmodics | Treat muscle spasms |
| Over-the-counter medications | NSAIDs, naproxen, acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, natural muscle relaxers |
| Prescription medications | Baclofen, dantrolene, tizanidine, diazepam, benzodiazepines, gabapentin, carisoprodol, centrally acting SMRs, Lioresal, Dantrium, Zanaflex, Valium |
| Side effects | Drowsiness, problems with balance and memory, habit-forming |
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What You'll Learn
Natural muscle relaxers
Muscle tightness, pain, and reduced range of motion can be caused by various factors, including heavy exercise, vigorous sports, and chronic conditions. While synthetic drugs like ibuprofen can be used to relax muscles, some people may prefer natural alternatives. Rest and heat therapy are simple natural ways to relax muscles. Additionally, certain foods, herbs, and minerals can help.
Blueberries, for instance, are rich in antioxidants and polyphenols, which have anti-inflammatory effects. Studies suggest that blueberry supplementation may improve exercise performance and reduce inflammation, helping muscles relax and recover. Similarly, cherries are rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, making them beneficial for muscle relaxation. While some studies used cherry concentrate, drinking tart cherry juice or eating the whole fruit can also help combat inflammation and muscle pain.
Curcumin, a compound found in turmeric, cinnamon, and ginger, has anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce inflammatory markers after exercise. Capsaicin, found in chili peppers, can be applied to the skin to provide pain relief and potentially reduce muscle soreness, particularly for nerve pain. Arnica is another natural ingredient used in creams and oils for reducing bruising and muscle soreness, although its effectiveness as a muscle relaxer is not yet proven.
Magnesium is vital for maintaining normal muscle and nerve function, and a deficiency can lead to increased muscle cramping. However, high doses may cause side effects, so supplements should be taken under medical guidance. Adequate protein intake, particularly whey and casein, can also help reduce muscle inflammation and damage. Additionally, vitamin D deficiency has been linked to regular muscle pain or spasms, so ensuring sufficient vitamin D through sunlight exposure or dietary sources like eggs, fish, and fortified milk may be beneficial.
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Antispastic drugs
There are several antispastic drugs available, including Tizanidine (Zanaflex®) and Diazepam (Valium®). Diazepam is a gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA-A) agonist that acts presynaptically and is particularly effective in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS). However, tolerance and addiction can occur with this medication. Baclofen is another antispastic drug that inhibits the nerve terminal. It is the preferred drug for spasticity related to SCI or MS and is also useful in cerebral palsy. Low-dose baclofen therapy has been shown to raise plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in men with chronic spinal cord injuries.
Botulinum toxin type A, or incobotulinumtoxinA, is another drug used to treat spasticity. It inhibits acetylcholine release and elicits neuromuscular blockade, making it effective for treating upper limb spasticity in adults. Benzodiazepines are also used to treat spasticity by binding to specific receptors linked to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. This binding increases the affinity of the GABA receptor for the amino acid and results in increased presynaptic inhibition.
Other medications that may affect spasticity include gabapentin, clonazepam, progabide, piracetam, lamotrigine, and cyproheptadine. These agents are currently under investigation or have undergone little clinical evaluation. Pharmaceutical cannabinoids and plant-based cannabinoids have also been studied for their potential in treating spasticity, with some evidence of effectiveness in symptoms of spasticity in MS but not in other conditions.
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Over-the-counter pain relievers
Over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers are non-prescription medications that can help alleviate muscle pain and spasms. They are typically purchased at a pharmacy or convenience store and are a good option for those who wish to avoid synthetic drugs. While OTC pain relievers can provide muscle-relaxing effects, it is important to consult a doctor before taking any new medications to ensure they do not interact with other prescriptions.
Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) is one of the most widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) available. NSAIDs are considered by many to be the best pain relief medications accessible without a prescription. They are effective in treating pain, fever, and swelling. Other common NSAIDs include naproxen (Aleve) and aspirin.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is another popular OTC pain reliever. It tends to have fewer risks than NSAIDs, making it a good choice for those with existing kidney or heart problems. However, it may not be as effective in reducing inflammation and swelling. The maximum acetaminophen dose is 4,000 mg per day for people 12 and older, but this may vary depending on the specific product and the user's health conditions.
Alka-Seltzer is an OTC medication that combines antacids with aspirin. It can treat stomach pain-related symptoms of heartburn, headaches, and other types of pain. However, it carries the same risks as taking aspirin, including blood-thinning effects, and people with heart failure or kidney problems should be cautious due to its sodium content.
Skelaxin (metaxalone) is a brand name for a medication that treats non-chronic muscle pain and has a relatively low rate of side effects. While the brand has been discontinued, the generic form is still available.
It is important to note that OTC pain relievers may have side effects, and it is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional before starting a new medication. Additionally, muscle relaxants may be prescribed by a doctor if OTC medications, stretching, massage, and physical therapy do not provide sufficient relief.
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Prescription muscle relaxants
Muscle relaxants are prescription medications that help regulate muscle contraction (tightening) to reduce pain and discomfort caused by muscle spasms and muscle spasticity (stiffness). They are a somewhat common prescription due to the frequency of acute and chronic back pain. Muscle relaxants are generally safe and well-tolerated when used short-term at recommended doses. The duration of treatment is generally short (2-3 weeks).
Muscle relaxants are divided into two groups: antispasmodics and antispastics. Antispasmodics are used to treat muscle spasms, and antispastics are used to treat muscle spasticity. However, some antispasmodics, such as tizanidine, can be used to treat muscle spasticity. Antispastic medications are effective in treating spasticity, but high doses can lead to unwanted side effects. Centrally acting SMRs are used in addition to rest and physical therapy to help relieve muscle spasms. They work by causing a sedative effect or by preventing nerves from sending pain signals to the brain.
Benzodiazepines are sedatives that can help relax muscles by increasing the effects of certain neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that relay messages between brain cells. Side effects of benzodiazepines can include drowsiness and problems with balance and memory. These drugs can also be habit-forming.
There are also over-the-counter (OTC) medications available that can provide relief for muscle spasms and muscle spasticity. These include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen. NSAIDs are typically sold over the counter, but stronger versions are available by prescription. Side effects of NSAIDs can include an upset stomach and dizziness. Acetaminophen is available in generic and brand-name versions, and common side effects can include nausea and an upset stomach.
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Non-prescription muscle relaxants
Muscle relaxants are a common prescription medication for acute and chronic back pain. They are also used to treat muscle spasms, spasticity, and musculoskeletal pain. Prescription muscle relaxants can slow down the central nervous system, causing a sedative effect and preventing nerves from transmitting pain signals to the brain. However, they have a potential for misuse and addiction, especially when used in conjunction with alcohol.
Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are non-prescription alternatives to prescription muscle relaxants. While they are not as potent as prescription options, they can still effectively reduce muscle pain and spasms. NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve), are commonly recommended as a first-line treatment for acute muscle pain. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is another OTC option for pain relief. It is important to consult a doctor before taking any new OTC medications and to be cautious of potential side effects, such as drowsiness or dizziness, which can increase the risk of falls or other injuries.
Natural muscle relaxers are also an option for those who want to avoid synthetic drugs. Cherries and blueberries are rich in antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory properties, aiding in muscle recovery after exercise. Adequate protein intake, particularly whey and casein, can help reduce muscle inflammation and damage. Curcumin, found in turmeric, cinnamon, and ginger, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects and may help relax muscles. Arnica, commonly used topically to reduce bruising, is also used by some as a muscle relaxer, although its effectiveness is not yet proven.
CBD oil, derived from cannabis, is another natural remedy for muscle pain, but its legality varies across regions, and it may interact with other medications. Capsaicin, found in chili peppers, can reduce nerve fiber density under the skin and may provide pain relief for people with fibromyalgia. Peppermint oil is a popular home remedy for muscle pain and can be taken orally or applied topically for sprains, offering a cooling effect and muscular relaxation. However, peppermint oil is not suitable for individuals with bile duct, liver, or gallbladder issues.
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Frequently asked questions
Cherries, blueberries, and pomegranate juice are all rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, which can help relax and recover muscles after exercise. Turmeric, cinnamon, and ginger contain curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory properties and may decrease inflammatory markers after exercise. Arnica is a common ingredient in creams and oils for reducing bruising, and capsaicin, which occurs naturally in chilli peppers, may provide effective pain relief.
Non-prescription, over-the-counter medications can help reduce muscle pain and spasms. NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve) are commonly used. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is another option, which works by blocking the production of certain chemicals in the body that are responsible for pain and fever sensations.
Prescription medications that can help treat muscle spasms and spasticity include antispastics and antispasmodics. Antispastics treat muscle spasticity, an abnormal increase in muscle tone or stiffness, and include Baclofen (Lioresal) and Dantrolene (Dantrium). Antispasmodics treat muscle spasms and include Carisoprodol (Soma, Vanadom) and Tizanidine (Zanaflex). Benzodiazepines are sedatives that can also help relax muscles, but they can be habit-forming.
