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Axial muscles are those that move joints in the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones in the head, neck, and core of the body. They are grouped based on location, function, or both. The muscles of the head and neck are all axial, and they are responsible for moving the head, cervical vertebrae, and scapulas. The back muscles, which are also axial, stabilize and move the vertebral column. The muscles in the face are also axial and are responsible for creating facial expressions by inserting into the skin rather than the bone.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Origin | Axial skeleton (bones in the head, neck, and core of the body) |
| Grouping | Location, function, or both |
| Types | Facial expression, Extraocular, Mastication, Tongue, Neck, Back |
| Facial Expression Muscles | Insert into the skin to create expressions |
| Extraocular Muscles | Move eyeballs, originate outside the eye |
| Mastication Muscles | Insert into the mandible for chewing and speaking |
| Tongue Muscles | Extrinsic and intrinsic, allow complex movements for chewing and swallowing |
| Neck Muscles | Stabilize and move the head, cervical vertebrae, and scapulas |
| Back Muscles | Stabilize and move the vertebral column, include erector spinae group |
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What You'll Learn
- Axial muscles are grouped based on location, function, or both
- Axial muscles originate in the axial skeleton, while appendicular muscles originate in the limbs
- The muscles in the face create expressions by moving the skin, not bone
- Tongue muscles are both extrinsic and intrinsic, allowing complex movements
- The back muscles stabilize and move the vertebral column
Axial muscles are grouped based on location, function, or both
Axial muscles are those that originate on the axial skeleton, which includes the bones in the head, neck, and core of the body. They are involved in moving the joints of the axial skeleton. These muscles can be further categorised into two groups: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. The former are grouped based on location, function, or both.
The axial muscles of the head and neck are all axial. These include the muscles of the face, which are responsible for facial expressions. Unlike most skeletal muscles, they create facial movements and expressions by pulling on the skin rather than moving bones. For example, the zygomaticus major and minor pull the corners of the mouth upwards and outwards to produce a smile.
The muscles that move the eyeballs are extrinsic, meaning they originate outside of the eye and insert onto it. Tongue muscles, on the other hand, are both extrinsic and intrinsic. They enable complex movements that allow the tongue to move in all three planes, as well as flatten and curl. These movements are essential for directing food during chewing and swallowing.
The muscles of the anterior neck facilitate swallowing and speech, stabilize the hyoid bone, and position the larynx. They include the suprahyoid muscles, which pull up, and the infrahyoid muscles, which pull down. The back muscles, including the erector spinae group, stabilize and move the vertebral column. The erector spinae group forms the majority of the muscle mass of the back and is the primary extensor of the vertebral column. It controls flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column, maintaining the lumbar curve.
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Axial muscles originate in the axial skeleton, while appendicular muscles originate in the limbs
The human body's muscles are classified as either axial or appendicular, depending on the location of the joints they move. Axial muscles originate in the axial skeleton, which includes the bones in the head, neck, and core of the body. These muscles move joints in the axial skeleton and are grouped based on location, function, or both. Some axial muscles cross over to the appendicular skeleton. The muscles of the head, neck, and face are all axial. The muscles in the face create facial expressions by inserting into the skin rather than onto bone. For example, the zygomaticus major and minor pull the corners of the mouth up and laterally to form a smile. The muscles of the anterior neck facilitate swallowing and speech, while also stabilising the hyoid bone and positioning the larynx. The muscles of the neck also stabilise and move the head.
The back muscles, which are also axial, stabilise and move the vertebral column. The erector spinae group forms the majority of the muscle mass of the back and is the primary extensor of the vertebral column. It controls flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column, and maintains the lumbar curve. The large, complex muscles of the neck and back move the head, shoulders, and vertebral column.
Appendicular muscles, on the other hand, originate in the bones that make up the body's limbs. These muscles are responsible for moving the joints in the limbs, such as the arms and legs. While axial muscles are grouped primarily by location and function, appendicular muscles are organised based on their specific actions and locations in the body.
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The muscles in the face create expressions by moving the skin, not bone
The human face has about 20 facial muscles that are essential for chewing and making facial expressions. Facial muscles are located throughout the face, including the ears, mouth, forehead, nose, and eyes. They run underneath the skin from the scalp down to the neck. These muscles are typically paired, with one on the left side of the face and one on the right.
The facial muscles, also called craniofacial muscles, are a group of flat skeletal muscles that lie underneath the skin of the face and scalp. Most of them originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and radiate to insert into the skin. Unlike other skeletal muscles, they are not surrounded by a fascia, with the exception of the buccinator muscle. Facial muscles are positioned around facial openings (mouth, eye, nose, and ear) or stretch across the skull and neck.
The muscles of the face create expressions by inserting into the skin rather than onto the bone. As they contract, the muscles pull on the skin to create facial movements. For example, the mentalis muscle depresses and everts the base of the lower lip, creating wrinkles on the skin of the chin. This contributes to shaping the lips while drinking and creating expressions of sadness, contempt, or doubt. The depressor anguli oris is a triangular muscle that depresses the angle of the mouth, expressing feelings of sadness or anger.
The oral muscles of facial expression control the movements of the mouth and lips. The orbicularis oris is the main muscle of the lips, and it can keep them tightly closed. Contracting the orbicularis oris from the corners will produce a puckered, kissing expression. The zygomaticus major and minor pull the corners of the mouth up and out to create a smile. The nasal group of facial muscles, including the nasalis and procerus muscles, are involved in creating facial expressions and contributing to respiration.
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Tongue muscles are both extrinsic and intrinsic, allowing complex movements
The tongue is a muscular organ composed of both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, which work together to enable complex movements. These muscles form a flexible matrix, similar to an elephant's trunk, and give the tongue its hydrostat properties, allowing it to change shape and move in all three planes.
The intrinsic muscles of the tongue are responsible for altering its shape. They include the verticalis, transversus, superior, and inferior longitudinalis. These muscles originate and insert within the tongue itself, affecting its size and form. This shape transformation is crucial for speech, as the tongue moves against the teeth and palate to produce different sounds. Additionally, during the oral phase of swallowing, the intrinsic muscles help elevate and sweep the tongue posteriorly, triggering the swallowing reflex.
On the other hand, the extrinsic muscles are responsible for moving the tongue in different directions. They include the palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, and hyoglossus. These muscles have one end attached to bones such as the hyoid bone, mandible, styloid process, and soft palate, while the other end inserts into the base of the tongue. The genioglossus depresses and moves the tongue forward, while the styloglossus lifts and retracts it. The palatoglossus elevates the back of the tongue, initiating the swallowing process, and the hyoglossus depresses and flattens it.
The tongue muscles, by combining the actions of the intrinsic and extrinsic groups, enable a wide range of movements. These movements are essential for various functions, including digestion, taste perception, speech, and even breathing. The tongue's ability to change shape and move in all directions allows it to manipulate food in the mouth, mix it with saliva, and guide it during chewing and swallowing.
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The back muscles stabilize and move the vertebral column
The back muscles, along with the neck muscles, play a crucial role in stabilising and moving the vertebral column. The neck muscles are responsible for moving the head, cervical vertebrae, and scapulas. The back muscles, on the other hand, provide stability and facilitate movement in the vertebral column.
The erector spinae muscle group forms the majority of the muscle mass of the back and is the primary extensor of the vertebral column. It controls flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column, and maintains the lumbar curve. The erector spinae is made up of three muscle groups: the iliocostalis group, the longissimus group, and the spinalis group, each associated with different regions of the spine.
The splenius muscles are another important group of back muscles. They originate at the midline and run laterally and superiorly towards their insertions. The splenius capitis inserts onto the head region, while the splenius cervicis extends into the cervical region. These muscles enable movements such as extending, laterally flexing, and rotating the head.
Additionally, the segmental muscle group, including the interspinales and intertransversarii muscles, contributes to the stabilisation of the vertebral column. These muscles connect the spinous and transverse processes of each consecutive vertebra, providing support and stability to the spinal column.
The back muscles work in coordination with the neck muscles to ensure the stability and mobility of the vertebral column, allowing for a range of movements and providing structural support to the body.
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Frequently asked questions
Axial muscles are muscles that move joints in the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones in the head, neck, and core of the body. They are grouped based on location, function, or both.
Examples of axial muscles include the muscles of the face, tongue, eyeballs, tail, trunk, and hypobranchial muscles. The muscles of the face create facial expressions by inserting into the skin, while the muscles of the tongue allow for complex movements that are used for directing food during chewing and swallowing. The hypobranchial muscles separate and migrate from the others during development.
Axial muscles have various functions depending on their location. For example, the muscles of the anterior neck facilitate swallowing and speech, while the muscles of the neck stabilize and move the head. The back muscles stabilize and move the vertebral column.
Axial muscles differ from appendicular muscles in that they move joints in the axial skeleton, whereas appendicular muscles originate on the bones that make up the body's limbs. Some axial muscles cross over to the appendicular skeleton.
