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Muscle tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue. Muscles are pieces of soft tissue that allow animals to move, breathe, swallow, and stay alive. There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and moves in response to conscious stimuli. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and is found only in the heart. Smooth muscle is also involuntary and is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Definition | Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. |
| Muscle Composition | Muscles are made of thousands of small fibers woven together. |
| Muscle Tissue Types | There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. |
| Skeletal Muscle Composition | Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers called myofibers, which contain several myofibrils. |
| Skeletal Muscle Function | Skeletal muscles generate heat as a byproduct of their contraction and thus participate in thermal homeostasis. They also help with movement, sustaining body posture, maintaining body temperature, storing nutrients, and stabilizing joints. |
| Skeletal Muscle Control | Skeletal muscle is voluntary and responds to conscious stimuli. |
| Cardiac Muscle Composition | Cardiac muscle is made of a special type of muscle tissue called cardiac muscle cells or cardiomyocytes, which appear striated under the microscope. |
| Cardiac Muscle Function | Cardiac muscle forms the contractile walls of the heart and pumps blood through the body. |
| Cardiac Muscle Control | Cardiac muscle contracts on its own intrinsic rhythm without external stimulation and is involuntary. |
| Smooth Muscle Composition | Smooth muscle cells have a single nucleus and no visible striations. |
| Smooth Muscle Function | Smooth muscle is found within the walls of organs and structures and is responsible for involuntary movements in the internal organs. |
| Smooth Muscle Control | Smooth muscle is involuntary. |
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What You'll Learn
- Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle tissue that is found throughout the body
- Cardiac muscle is a type of striated muscle tissue that is found in the heart
- Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle tissue that is found in the walls of organs
- Muscle fibres are made of proteins that interact to cause movement
- Skeletal muscle is made up of bundles of muscle fibres called myofibers
Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle tissue that is found throughout the body
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is the most common type of muscle in the body. It is a type of striated muscle tissue that is found throughout the body.
Skeletal muscle is part of the voluntary muscular system. It is attached by tendons to the bones of the skeleton. Skeletal muscle cells are much longer than in the other types of muscle tissue and are also known as muscle fibres. The tissue of skeletal muscle is striated, having a striped appearance due to the arrangement of the sarcomeres. Skeletal muscle is arranged in regular, parallel bundles of myofibrils, which contain many contractile units known as sarcomeres, giving the tissue its striated appearance.
The skeletal muscle includes skeletal muscle fibres, blood vessels, nerve fibres, and connective tissue. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in epimysium, allowing structural integrity despite contractions. The perimysium organises the muscle fibres, which are encased in collagen and endomysium, into fascicles. Each muscle fibre contains sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The functional unit of a muscle fibre is called a sarcomere. Each muscle cell contains myofibrils composed of actin and myosin myofilaments repeated as a sarcomere.
Skeletal muscle can be classified as slow-oxidative (Type I) or fast-oxidative (Type II). Type I, slow-twitch, slow oxidative, or red muscle is dense with capillaries and is rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, giving the muscle tissue its characteristic red colour. Type IIb, which is anaerobic, glycolytic, and "white" muscle is even less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin. Skeletal muscle uses more calories than other organs. At rest, it consumes 54.4 kJ/kg (13.0 kcal/kg) per day.
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Cardiac muscle is a type of striated muscle tissue that is found in the heart
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
Cardiac muscle, also known as myocardium or heart muscle, is a type of striated muscle tissue that is found only in the heart. It forms the middle layer of the three-layered heart wall, between the outer layer (the pericardium or epicardium) and the inner layer (the endocardium). The cardiac muscle is composed of individual muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, joined by intercalated discs and encased by collagen fibres and other substances that form the extracellular matrix.
Cardiac muscle tissue is striated like skeletal muscle, containing sarcomeres in highly regular arrangements of bundles. While skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles, cardiac muscle connects at branching, irregular angles. Cardiac muscle cells contain mitochondria, which are often referred to as the powerhouses of the cells. They also contain myofilaments, which slide past each other during contraction.
Cardiac muscle contracts and releases involuntarily, keeping the heart pumping and blood circulating around the body. This process is controlled by specialised "pacemaker" cells, which generate electrical impulses that tell the cardiac muscle cells to contract and relax. The pacemaker cells are distributed throughout the heart and are responsible for setting the rhythm of the heartbeat.
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Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle tissue that is found in the walls of organs
Muscle tissue is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle tissue that is found in the walls of organs and structures such as the oesophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and the arrector pili in the skin that control the erection of body hair. It is made up of elongated, spindle-shaped cells with a central nucleus. Smooth muscle is found throughout the body and is responsible for some of the body's most important functions, including blood pressure, circulation, vision, and
Smooth muscle is one of the three main muscle types, along with skeletal and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle tissue that is attached to the skeleton and is responsible for movements of the body. It is made up of long and cylindrical fibres that form bundles, giving the muscle a grooved appearance. Cardiac muscle, on the other hand, is found only in the walls of the heart and is also striated, containing sarcomeres in highly regular arrangements of bundles.
Smooth muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that it works automatically, without conscious thought. It handles important automatic jobs throughout the body, such as managing the width of passages inside the body, including blood and lymph vessels and airways. Smooth muscle can also transport substances by flexing together to push what's inside a tubular passage, as seen in the digestive tract. Most muscles stay relaxed and only flex when needed, but smooth muscle in sphincters, such as the bladder or anus, stays flexed and only relaxes when needed.
Smooth muscle is also involved in specific functions such as causing hairs to stand on end, like with goosebumps, and controlling how the eyes focus by pulling on fibres called zonules. Smooth muscle movements are involuntary, occurring without conscious intervention. They may be activated through the interaction of the central nervous system or by innervation from the peripheral plexus or endocrine (hormonal) system. Overall, smooth muscle plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's automated self-management processes.
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Muscle fibres are made of proteins that interact to cause movement
Muscle tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is found throughout the body and is responsible for movement, posture, and body temperature maintenance. It is a highly organised tissue composed of bundles of muscle fibres called myofibers, which contain several myofibrils. Each muscle fibre is composed of several hundred to several thousand myofibrils.
Myofibrils are composed of actin (thin filaments), myosin (thick filaments), and support proteins. The arrangement of actin and myosin gives skeletal muscle its microscopic striated appearance and creates functional units called sarcomeres. The interaction of these two proteins results in muscle contraction. The sarcomere is attached to other organelles such as the mitochondria by intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton.
In addition to the actin and myosin myofilaments in the myofibrils that make up the contractile sarcomeres, there are two other important regulatory proteins – troponin and tropomyosin, that make muscle contraction possible. These proteins are associated with actin and cooperate to prevent its interaction with myosin. Once a cell is sufficiently stimulated, the cell's sarcoplasmic reticulum releases ionic calcium (Ca2+), which then interacts with the regulatory protein troponin. Calcium-bound troponin undergoes a conformational change that leads to the movement of tropomyosin, subsequently exposing the myosin-binding sites on actin. This allows for myosin and actin ATP-dependent cross-bridge cycling and shortening of the muscle.
The muscle fibres cannot be increased in number through exercise. Instead, muscles grow larger through a combination of muscle cell growth as new protein filaments are added along with additional mass provided by undifferentiated satellite cells alongside the existing muscle cells.
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Skeletal muscle is made up of bundles of muscle fibres called myofibers
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is a highly organised tissue composed of bundles of muscle fibres called myofibers. Each myofiber represents a muscle cell with its basic cellular unit, the sarcomere.
Sarcomeres are the smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle fibre and are a highly organised arrangement of contractile, regulatory, and structural proteins. The interaction of two contractile proteins, myosin and actin, results in muscle contraction. The myosin forms thick filaments, and actin forms thin filaments, which are arranged in repeating units called sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the region of a myofibril contained between two cytoskeletal structures called Z-discs (or Z-lines or Z-bands). The thick and thin filaments within each sarcomere give skeletal muscle fibres their striated appearance.
Skeletal muscle fibres are quite large compared to other cells, with diameters up to 100 μm and lengths up to 30 cm. Each muscle fibre is surrounded by a type of connective tissue layer of fascia. Muscle fibres are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts in a process known as myogenesis, resulting in long multinucleated cells. The nuclei, termed myonuclei, are located along the inside of the cell membrane.
Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle, anchored by tendons or sometimes by aponeuroses to bones, and is used to effect skeletal movement such as locomotion and to maintain posture.
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Frequently asked questions
Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that powers the movements of multicellular animals. It is the most plentiful tissue in many animals, accounting for 40-50% of body mass in antelopes and 50-60% in many fishes.
There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle is voluntary, while cardiac and smooth muscle are involuntary.
Skeletal muscle is a highly organized tissue composed of bundles of muscle fibers called myofibers. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and responds to conscious stimuli. It is responsible for movements of the body and is attached to the skeleton.
Cardiac muscle tissue forms the contractile walls of the heart. It is the only type of muscle tissue found in the heart and is involuntary. Cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, are striated and have a single nucleus.
