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The adductor muscles are a group of muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh, which are primarily used for bringing the thighs together. There are four primary muscles in this group: the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis. Adductor strains, also known as groin strains, are among the most common sports injuries, with soccer players being particularly susceptible.
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Adductor Magnus
The adductor part can be divided into two portions: the superior portion, which arises from the pubic ramus, and the inferior portion, which arises from the ischial ramus. The superior portion of the adductor part passes obliquely and almost horizontally to insert at the upper part of the linea aspera. It then continues slightly superior and inserts at the medial margin of the gluteal tuberosity, almost reaching the greater trochanter of the femur medially to the attachment of the gluteus maximus. The larger, inferior portion of the adductor part fibres that originate from the ischial ramus fan out inferolaterally to insert in a linear fashion along the entire length of the linea aspera and the upper part of the medial supracondylar line.
The adductor magnus has a dual nerve supply. The adductor portion of the adductor magnus is innervated by the posterior division of the obturator nerve (L2-L4). The hamstring portion is innervated by the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve (L4). The adductor magnus' blood supply comes from several sources, including perforating branches of the profunda femoris artery and the medial femoral circumflex artery, which supplies the superior portion of the muscle.
The adductor magnus plays a similar function to the deltoid muscle. One portion flexes the thigh and works as a medial rotator, while the other extends the thigh and is a lateral rotator, and both portions adduct the thigh. Tight adductors can cause knee pain, especially in runners. Adductor canal syndrome is an unusual cause of acute arterial occlusion in younger men, resulting from arterial compression by an abnormal musculotendinous band arising from the adductor magnus muscle.
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Adductor Longus
Adductor muscles are a group of muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh that are used to bring the thighs together (a movement known as adduction). Adductor longus is one of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh. It is a large, flat, fan-shaped muscle that forms the medial border of the femoral triangle. It is innervated by the obturator nerve, which arises from the lumbar plexus. The obturator nerve supplies sensation to the upper medial thigh.
Adductor muscles are commonly injured in sports such as soccer, ice skating, horse riding, football, karate, and running. Adductor tendinopathy, a common injury, causes medial leg and groin pain. It is caused by a disproportionate strain on the muscles, often in combination with a poor warm-up and lack of stretching. An adductor squeeze test is used to diagnose groin injuries and measure adductor muscle strength.
In children with cerebral palsy, adductor tenotomy (cutting the origin tendons of the adductor muscles of the thigh) and obturator neurectomy (cutting the anterior branch of the obturator nerve) are sometimes performed. Children with cerebral palsy often have hypertonia of the adductor muscles, making abduction difficult and obstructing normal hip development.
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Adductor Brevis
Adductor muscles are a group of muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh that are mostly used for bringing the thighs together (called adduction). Adductor brevis is a flat, triangular muscle that is found in the inner thigh. It is one of the four primary adductor muscles, the others being adductor longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis. Adductor brevis is a weak adductor of the thigh compared to the other muscles. It is a short muscle that lies underneath the adductor longus.
The blood supply for the adductor brevis muscle typically comes from the deep femoral artery (profunda femoris) and from its branch called the artery for the adductors. It can also be supplied partially from the medial circumflex femoral and obturator artery. The obturator nerve innervates the adductor brevis muscle. The obturator nerve is derived from the lumbar plexus (anterior branches of spinal nerves L2-L4).
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Pectineus Muscle
Adductor muscles are a group of muscles located in the inner thigh that aid in balance and alignment. The adductor muscles consist of the pectineus, gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and obturator externus.
The pectineus muscle is a flat quadrangular muscle situated in the anterior and medial side of the thigh. It is one of the muscles located on the medial thigh, alongside a group of four primary large muscles. These primary muscles include the Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Magnus, and Gracilis muscles, which primarily function in hip adduction. The pectineus muscle assists in hip adduction and flexion.
The pectineus muscle is located in the medial compartment of the thigh, specifically at the anterior (i.e., front) and medial (i.e., inner) part of the upper thigh. The pectineus muscle adducts the thigh, or moves the leg towards the middle of the body, in conjunction with the remaining adductor muscles. The pectineus muscle originates from the pectineal line of the pubic bone and inserts into the pectineal line of the femur, or thigh bone. It is the most anterior adductor of the hip and is innervated by the femoral nerve at the anterior surface of the muscle, and the obturator nerve at the posterior surface.
The pectineus muscle can become injured by overstretching, specifically by stretching a leg or legs too far out to the side or front of the body. Pectineus injuries can also be caused by rapid movements like kicking or sprinting, changing directions too quickly while running, or even by sitting with a leg crossed for too long. Treatment of a pectineus muscle injury involves protecting the injured muscle from movements and objects that might cause further injury, minimizing activities that use the pectineus muscle, and icing the injury to decrease and prevent swelling and pain.
The pectineus muscle is considered a transitional muscle between the anterior thigh and medial thigh due to its innervation, which primarily comes from the femoral nerve and, in some cases, the obturator nerve. The pectineus muscle lies laterally to the psoas major muscle and the medial circumflex femoral artery and vein. The anterior surface of the pectineus muscle is covered with a deep layer of connective tissue, known as the fascia lata, which separates the muscle from the femoral artery, femoral vein, and great saphenous vein, which continue through the femoral triangle.
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Strain and Treatment
Adductor muscles are a group of three thin muscles that run along the inside of the thigh. They are also referred to as the hip adductors or groin muscles. The primary function of the adductor muscles is to pull the leg inwards and bring the thighs together. They also help with balancing the body on uneven surfaces and stabilise the trunk when moving sideways.
Adductor muscles can be strained due to sudden or forceful movements, especially during sports that involve quick rotations or sideward movements of the leg. This is known as a groin strain, which is a very common injury. The pain can vary from a dull ache to a sharp, intense pain.
Groin strains are graded from 1 to 3, depending on the severity of the injury. A grade 1 strain causes some pain and tenderness, but the tear in the muscle is minor. Grade 2 causes pain, tenderness, weakness, and sometimes bruising. Grade 3 is a severe tear in the muscle, resulting in intense pain and bruising.
Treatment for a groin strain usually involves seeking the help of a physical therapist, who will put together a treatment program to aid recovery. This includes exercises to restore movement to the leg and soft tissue massages. It is important to avoid any strenuous activity or exercise that causes pain and to seek medical advice if symptoms persist or worsen. Resting the leg and keeping it elevated is often advised in the initial stages of recovery.
In severe cases, surgery may be required. Adductor tenotomy, which involves cutting the origin tendons of the adductor muscles, is sometimes performed on children with cerebral palsy.
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Frequently asked questions
The adductor muscles are a group of muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh. They are primarily used for bringing the thighs together, also known as adduction.
There are four primary adductor muscles: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis. The adductor magnus is the largest muscle in the medial compartment and is made up of two parts: the adductor portion and the hamstring portion. The pectineus muscle is also sometimes considered part of the adductor muscle group.
The adductor muscles are responsible for bringing the legs inwards towards each other during adduction and for stabilizing the pelvis during controlled activities such as walking. They also play a role in hip flexion and extension, as well as knee flexion and medial rotation of the knee.
