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The palatoglossal muscle, also known as the palatoglossus muscle, is one of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is also one of the five muscles of the soft palate. The palatoglossal muscle originates from the inferior surface of the palatine aponeurosis and inserts into the posterolateral surface of the tongue. This muscle plays a crucial role in swallowing by elevating the posterior portion of the tongue and narrowing the oropharyngeal isthmus. It also aids in speech production, particularly when pronouncing certain vowels and uvular fricatives. The palatoglossal muscle is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) and is the only tongue muscle not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve. Given its function and anatomy, one may question if the palatiglossal muscle is misnamed.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Muscle Type | One of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue and the paired muscles of the soft palate |
| Muscle Function | Elevates the posterior tongue and draws the soft palate inferiorly, closing off the oral cavity from the oropharynx |
| Muscle Innervation | Pharyngeal branch of the cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) |
| Muscle Origin | Inferior surface of the palatine aponeurosis |
| Muscle Insertion | Posterolateral surface of the tongue |
| Muscle Action | Narrowing the diameter of the oropharyngeal isthmus, aiding in swallowing and speech |
| Muscle Appearance | Covered by oral mucosa, forming the visible palatoglossal arch |
| Muscle Interaction | Works in conjunction with the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini muscles |
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What You'll Learn
The Palatoglosus Muscle is one of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue
The Palatoglosus Muscle, also known as the musculus palatoglossus, is one of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is a muscle of the soft palate and is paired with the palatopharyngeus muscle. These two muscles work together to control the position and rigidity of the soft palate relative to the tongue and pharynx. The palatoglossus muscle originates from the inferior or superior surface of the palatine aponeurosis, where it interdigitates with its contralateral counterpart. It then descends in an inferior, forward, and lateral direction, passing anterior to the palatine tonsil, and gets inserted into the posterolateral surface of the tongue.
Some fibers of the palatoglossus muscle spread over the dorsal surface of the tongue, while others pass deep into the substance of the tongue and intermingle with the intrinsic transverse muscle. The palatoglossus and its overlying mucosal layer form the palatoglossal arches (also known as palatoglossal folds or anterior pillars of the fauces) on either side of the oropharynx. These arches create ridges in the lateral pharyngeal wall and separate the oral cavity from the oropharynx, acting as an antagonist to the levator veli palatini muscle.
The palatoglossus muscle functions to elevate the posterior portion of the tongue and draw the soft palate inferiorly, narrowing the diameter of the oropharyngeal isthmus. This action is crucial during swallowing, as it propels food towards the oesophagus and prevents retrograde flow. Additionally, it plays a role in speech, particularly during the pronunciation of certain vowels and uvular fricatives, where it works in conjunction with the palatopharyngeus muscle to provide a sling effect.
The palatoglossus muscle is unique among the tongue muscles as it is the only one derived from the fourth branchial arch and innervated by the tenth cranial nerve (vagus nerve) rather than the twelfth cranial nerve (hypoglossal nerve). This innervation contributes to the pharyngeal plexus, and its function is to close off the oral cavity from the oropharynx, preventing the spillage of saliva from the vestibular region into the oropharyngeal region.
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The paired muscles create ridges in the lateral pharyngeal wall
The palatoglossus muscle, also known as musculus palatoglossus, is one of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is also one of the five paired muscles of the soft palate. The right and left palatoglossus muscles are paired and create ridges in the lateral pharyngeal wall, referred to as the palatoglossal arches (anterior faucial pillars). These arches are formed by the palatoglossus muscle and its overlying mucosal layer. The arches act as pillars that separate the oral cavity and the oropharynx.
The palatoglossal arches are also called the palatoglossal folds or the anterior pillars/columns of fauces. The palatoglossus muscle functions to elevate the posterior portion of the tongue. It also draws the soft palate inferiorly, thereby narrowing the diameter of the oropharyngeal isthmus. This action plays a significant role during swallowing by propelling the food bolus towards the oesophagus and occluding the oral cavity, thereby preventing retrograde flow of the food. The palatoglossus muscle is also active in some individuals during speech. For example, during the pronunciation of vowels, a larger area of the oropharyngeal isthmus must be constricted, and this is significantly affected by the activity of the palatoglossus muscle.
The palatoglossus muscle originates from the inferior or superior surface of the palatine aponeurosis. It descends in an inferior, forward, and lateral direction anterior to the palatine tonsil and gets inserted into the posterolateral surface of the tongue. Some fibres of the muscle spread over the dorsal surface of the tongue, while others pass deep into the substance of the tongue and intermingle with one of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue (transversus linguae). The palatoglossus muscle is relatively small compared to the other palatal muscles. It separates the superior part of the tonsil from the supratonsillar fat and forms the anterior boundary of the tonsillar pillar.
The palatoglossal arch is located anteriorly and contains the palatoglossus muscle. It connects the soft palate with the root of the tongue. The palatoglossal arch is one of two arches, the other being the palatopharyngeal arch, which is found posteriorly and contains the palatopharyngeus muscle. These arches together are called the pillars of fauces as they bound the space called the fauces, or the throat. The roof of the fauces is the oral surface of the soft palate, while the floor is the root of the tongue.
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The muscle functions to elevate the posterior portion of the tongue
The palatoglossus muscle, also known as musculus palatoglossus, is among the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue and the paired muscles of the soft palate. The palatoglossus muscle functions to elevate the posterior portion of the tongue. It also draws the soft palate inferiorly, thereby narrowing the diameter of the oropharyngeal isthmus. This action plays a significant role during swallowing by propelling the food bolus towards the oesophagus and occluding the oral cavity, thereby preventing retrograde flow of the food. The palatoglossus muscle also prevents the spillage of saliva from the vestibular region into the oropharyngeal region by maintaining the palatoglossal arch.
The palatoglossus muscle is the only tongue muscle derived from the fourth branchial arch. All the other muscles of the tongue derive from the occipital myotomes. This is the reason that all the other tongue muscles receive innervation from the twelfth cranial nerve (hypoglossal nerve) except the palatoglossus muscle, which is innervated by the tenth cranial nerve (vagus nerve). The palatoglossus muscle is also active in some individuals during speech. For example, during the pronunciation of vowels such as "u," constriction of a larger area of the oropharyngeal isthmus is necessary. This is significantly affected by the activity of the palatoglossus muscle.
The palatoglossus muscle originates from the anterior region of the soft palate, extends inferiorly, forms the palatopharyngeal arch, and inserts into the tongue's lateral borders. The palatoglossal arch is formed by the right and left palatoglossus muscles, which create ridges in the lateral pharyngeal wall, referred to as the palatoglossal arches (anterior faucial pillars). These pillars separate the oral cavity and the oropharynx, and the muscle functions as an antagonist to the levator veli palatini muscle. The palatoglossus muscle also has a role in tongue base cancer. A tumour of the base of the tongue, particularly involving the posterior third, may spread along the palatoglossal muscle and involve the anterior tonsillar pillar. It may extend to the soft palate through the palatoglossus muscle and then further to the nasopharyngeal region via the veli palatini muscles.
The tongue moves the food around the mouth with the help of the buccinator muscle, mixes it with saliva, and helps to separate undesired particles. It also enables the formation of the food bolus in the oral preparatory phase of swallowing. It also takes part in the oral phase of swallowing by elevating and sweeping posteriorly to propel the food bolus past the anterior tonsillar pillar, triggering the swallowing reflex. The tongue itself is divided into two sections: the oral part, which is the anterior two-thirds that lies in the oral cavity, and the pharyngeal part, which is the posterior one-third of the tongue that lies in the oropharynx area.
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It closes the oropharyngeal isthmus
The palatoglossal muscle, also known as the musculus palatoglossus, is one of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue and the paired muscles of the soft palate. The palatoglossal muscle functions to close off the oral cavity from the oropharynx by elevating the posterior tongue and drawing the soft palate inferiorly, thereby narrowing the diameter of the oropharyngeal isthmus.
The oropharyngeal isthmus is the opening at the back of the mouth into the throat. It is a narrow passage between the velum and the base of the tongue. The palatoglossal arches (anterior faucial pillars) formed by the palatoglossal muscle separate the oral cavity and the oropharynx. The palatoglossal muscle functions as an antagonist to the levator veli palatini muscle, which attaches superiorly to the cartilage of the auditory canal and the petrous part of the temporal bone.
The palatoglossal muscle is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the cranial nerve X (vagus nerve). It originates from the inferior surface of the palatine aponeurosis and gets inserted into the posterolateral surface of the tongue. Some fibers of the muscle spread over the dorsal surface of the tongue, while others pass deep into the substance of the tongue and intermingle with one of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue (transversus linguae). The palatoglossal muscle is relatively small compared to the other palatal muscles.
The palatoglossal muscle plays a significant role during swallowing by narrowing the oropharyngeal isthmus, propelling the food bolus towards the oesophagus, and preventing the retrograde flow of food. It also prevents the spillage of saliva from the oral cavity into the oropharynx by maintaining the palatoglossal arch. In addition to its role in swallowing, the palatoglossal muscle is active in some individuals during speech, particularly in the pronunciation of certain vowels and uvular fricatives.
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The muscle is active during speech
The palatoglossus muscle is one of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is also referred to as one of the five paired muscles of the soft palate. The palatoglossus muscle functions to elevate the posterior portion of the tongue and draw the soft palate inferiorly, thereby narrowing the diameter of the oropharyngeal isthmus.
The palatoglossus muscle is active during speech, and it has been shown to be active in some individuals during speech production. The muscle is involved in the pronunciation of certain vowels and uvular fricatives. For example, when pronouncing the vowel "u," a larger area of the oropharyngeal isthmus needs to be constricted, and this is significantly affected by the activity of the palatoglossus muscle.
The palatoglossus muscle works in conjunction with the palatopharyngeus muscle during speech. The palatopharyngeus muscle forms the palatopharyngeal arch and attaches superiorly to the hard palate and palatine aponeurosis. It attaches inferiorly to the lateral wall of the pharynx. The palatopharyngeus muscle tenses the soft palate and pulls the pharyngeal walls superiorly, anteriorly, and medially during speech and other activities such as swallowing.
The palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles extend from the palate down the sides of the airway, with the palatoglossus in front and the palatopharyngeus behind the tonsil. They alter the position of the soft palate relative to the tongue and pharynx, respectively. This alteration in position is crucial for producing different speech sounds.
In summary, the palatoglossus muscle is indeed active during speech, and it works in conjunction with other muscles of the soft palate and tongue to facilitate speech production.
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Frequently asked questions
The Palatoglossus Muscle is a muscle of the soft palate and an extrinsic muscle of the tongue. It is also known as musculus palatoglossus.
The Palatoglosal Muscle functions to close off the oral cavity from the oropharynx by elevating the posterior tongue and drawing the soft palate inferiorly. It also prevents the spill of saliva from the oral cavity into the oropharynx by maintaining the palatoglossal arch.
The Palatoglosal Muscle originates from the superior aspect of the palatine aponeurosis, where it interdigitates with its contralateral counterpart. It passes anteroinferiorly and laterally, and gets inserted into the side of the tongue.
The Palatoglosal Muscle has been shown to be active in some individuals during speech. It functions to constrict the oropharyngeal isthmus during the pronunciation of certain vowels and uvular fricatives.
