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Dogs do have abdominal muscles, and these muscles aid in vital functions such as expiration, urination, defecation, and parturition. The abdominal muscles in dogs include the internal abdominal oblique muscle, the transversus abdominis muscle, and the rectus abdominis muscle. The rectus abdominis muscle is the one that is noticeable in humans as six-pack abs.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Abdominal muscles | Internal abdominal oblique m., Transversus abdominis m., Rectus abdominis m. |
| Function | Compression of the abdominal viscera, Abdominal press, Expiration, Urination, Defecation, Parturition, Flexion of the vertebral column, Lateral bending of the vertebral column |
| Nerve | Medial branches of the intercostales, Medial branches of the costoabdominalis, Iliohypogastricus, Ilioinguinalis |
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What You'll Learn
The rectus abdominis muscle
Dogs do have abdominal muscles, including the rectus abdominis muscle. This muscle plays a crucial role in several vital functions, such as expiration, urination, defecation, and parturition. It also aids in the flexion and lateral bending of the vertebral column.
The procedure involves positioning the dog in dorsal recumbency and making a ventral midline abdominal incision from the xiphoid to the pubis. The linea alba is incised, and the ventral fascia is dissected to expose the right or left rectus abdominis muscle. The muscle is then transected cranially, allowing a length of approximately 15 cm to cover the ventral abdominal defect and is rotated into the recipient site.
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The inguinal canal
The superficial inguinal ring (external inguinal ring) is an anatomical structure in the anterior wall of the mammalian abdomen. It is a triangular opening that forms the exit of the inguinal canal, housing the ilioinguinal nerve, the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, and the spermatic cord (in men) or the round ligament (in women). The structures that pass through the canals differ between males and females. In males, it is the spermatic cord and its coverings, and the ilioinguinal nerve.
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The abdominal press
The rectus abdominis muscle is a vital abdominal muscle in dogs that extends from the pubis to the sternum and is attached via an aponeurosis. It has distinct, transverse tendinous intersections along its length, which are the "six-pack abs" that can be observed in humans.
Additionally, the cranial superficial epigastric artery, a branch of the cranial epigastric artery, perforates the rectus abdominis muscle and supplies skin over the muscle and the caudal thoracic and cranial abdominal mammae.
Understanding the anatomy of the abdominal press in dogs is essential for veterinary professionals, especially during dissection procedures, and can also provide insights into canine physiology and health.
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The linea alba
When performing a midline celiotomy, properly identifying the linea alba and avoiding paramedian abdominal wall incisions are crucial to prevent incising the rectus abdominal muscle. The right-handed surgeon typically stands on the patient's right side and stabs as caudal as possible along the incision to facilitate handling instruments and tissues during extension.
To identify the linea alba, grasp it with thumb forceps and tent it upward to create a distance between it and the internal organs. Stabbing along the linea alba or very close to it can be extended with a pair of Mayo scissors in a cranial and caudal direction. Tenting the abdominal wall during this process reduces the risk of trauma to internal organs.
For exposure of the caudal abdomen in male dogs, the skin and subcutaneous incisions should run paramedian to avoid injuring the prepuce or penis. If the linea alba cannot be isolated, and the incision is believed to be paramedian, carefully lift the cut edge of the subcutaneous tissue on the suspected side.
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The prepubic tendon
Ruptures of the abdominal wall are most often the result of blunt force trauma and are classified according to their location: paracostal, lateral, prepubic, ventral, inguinal, and femoral. In dogs, the most common traumatic abdominal hernia is a prepubic hernia, which occurs when the prepubic tendon ruptures. This type of hernia accounts for between 15% and 42% of abdominal hernia cases in small animals.
The clinical signs associated with prepubic tendon rupture may not be immediately apparent and can progress over time. Dysuria (painful urination) associated with herniation of the bladder, as well as swelling and bruising over the caudoventral abdomen and inguinal region, may indicate damage to the abdominal wall. Diagnosis involves a combination of palpation and imaging techniques such as radiography and ultrasonography.
Treatment of prepubic tendon ruptures should prioritise stabilisation of the patient. Surgery is generally not recommended unless there is strangulation of abdominal viscera or a suspected gastrointestinal rupture. The most common technique to repair the prepubic tendon involves placing sutures between the tendon and the pubis, with the sutures passed through holes drilled in the pubis or through the obturator foramina. The rectus abdominis muscle flap is a clinically useful option for repairing prepubic tendon ruptures in dogs, with minor donor site complications and no long-term complications reported in one study.
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Frequently asked questions
Yes, dogs have abdominal muscles.
The abdominal muscles in dogs include the internal abdominal oblique muscle, the transversus abdominis muscle, and the rectus abdominis muscle.
The abdominal muscles in dogs help with vital functions such as expiration, urination, defecation, and parturition. They also aid in the flexion and lateral bending of the vertebral column.
