Logan Steele
Muscle movement occurs when muscles contract and relax to move the body. Muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons in two places. The origin is the end of a muscle attached to a fixed bone, and the insertion is the other end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves. Messages from the nervous system cause these muscle contractions. This process can occur involuntarily, such as when attempting to lift something too heavy, or voluntarily, such as when smoothing out a movement or resisting gravity.
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What You'll Learn
- Muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons in two places
- Muscular contractions are defined as the change in length of the muscle
- Flexion and extension are usually movements forward and backward from the body
- Messages from the nervous system cause muscle contractions
- In annelids, circular and longitudinal muscles are responsible for movement
Muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons in two places
Muscle contractions can occur involuntarily (e.g. when attempting to move a weight too heavy for the muscle to lift) or voluntarily (e.g. when the muscle is 'smoothing out' a movement or resisting gravity such as during downhill walking). Over the short term, strength training involving both eccentric and concentric contractions appears to increase muscular strength more than training with concentric contractions alone. However, exercise-induced muscle damage is also greater during lengthening contractions.
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Muscular contractions are defined as the change in length of the muscle
Messages from the nervous system cause these muscle contractions. The process can be summarised in three steps: first, a message travels from the nervous system to the muscular system, triggering chemical reactions. Second, the chemical reactions lead to the muscle fibres reorganising themselves in a way that shortens the muscle, resulting in a contraction. Finally, when the nervous system signal is no longer present, the chemical process reverses, and the muscle fibres rearrange, causing the muscle to relax.
Muscle contractions can occur involuntarily, such as when attempting to lift a weight that is too heavy, or voluntarily, like when the muscle is 'smoothing out' a movement or resisting gravity during downhill walking. Strength training involving both eccentric and concentric contractions appears to increase muscular strength more than training with only concentric contractions. However, exercise-induced muscle damage is also greater during lengthening contractions. For example, during an eccentric contraction of the biceps muscle, the elbow starts bent and then straightens as the hand moves away from the shoulder.
The muscles surrounding synovial joints are responsible for moving the body in space. These muscle actions are often paired, like flexion and extension or abduction and adduction. Flexion and extension refer to movements forward and backward from the body, such as nodding the head. Flexion decreases the angle between two bones, resulting in bending, while extension increases the angle, leading to straightening a bend.
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Flexion and extension are usually movements forward and backward from the body
Muscles cause movement by contracting across joints. They are attached to the skeleton by tendons in two places: the origin, which is attached to a fixed bone, and the insertion, which is attached to the bone that moves.
The whole process of muscle contraction can be summarised in three steps. First, a message travels from the nervous system to the muscular system, triggering chemical reactions. Second, the chemical reactions lead to the muscle fibres reorganising themselves in a way that shortens the muscle, causing the contraction. Third, when the nervous system signal is no longer present, the chemical process reverses, and the muscle fibres rearrange again, allowing the muscle to relax.
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Messages from the nervous system cause muscle contractions
Muscle movement occurs when muscles contract across joints. Muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons in two places: the origin, which is the end of a muscle attached to a fixed bone, and the insertion, which is the other end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves.
- A message travels from the nervous system to the muscular system, triggering chemical reactions.
- The chemical reactions lead to the muscle fibres reorganising themselves in a way that shortens the muscle, resulting in a contraction.
- When the nervous system signal is no longer present, the chemical process reverses, and the muscle fibres rearrange, causing the muscle to relax.
Muscle contractions can occur involuntarily (e.g. when attempting to lift a weight that is too heavy) or voluntarily (e.g. when the muscle is 'smoothing out' a movement or resisting gravity during downhill walking).
The muscles surrounding synovial joints are responsible for moving the body in space. These muscle actions are often paired, like flexion and extension or abduction and adduction. Flexion and extension refer to movements forward and backward from the body, such as nodding the head. Flexion decreases the angle between two bones (bending), while extension increases the angle (straightening a bend). For example, the triceps brachii and anconeus are muscles that extend the elbow, while the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis flex the elbow. Similarly, when the muscles of the quadriceps femoris group contract, they extend the knee joint, straightening the leg.
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In annelids, circular and longitudinal muscles are responsible for movement
Muscle movement occurs when muscles contract and relax to mechanically move the body. Muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons in two places. The origin is the end of a muscle which is attached to a fixed bone, and the insertion is the other end of the muscle that is attached to the bone which moves.
Messages from the nervous system cause these muscle contractions. The process can be summarised in three steps:
- A message travels from the nervous system to the muscular system, triggering chemical reactions.
- The chemical reactions lead to the muscle fibres reorganising themselves in a way that shortens the muscle – that’s the contraction.
- When the nervous system signal is no longer present, the chemical process reverses, and the muscle fibres rearrange again and the muscle relaxes.
In annelids, such as earthworms and leeches, circular and longitudinal muscles are responsible for movement. The basic features of locomotion in annelids are most easily observed in the earthworm because it lacks appendages and parapodia. Annelids have two types of muscles: circular and longitudinal. The ground pattern of the annelid musculature is generally assumed to comprise an outer layer of homogeneous circular and an inner layer of longitudinal muscles.
When the circular muscles contract to lengthen the segment, the longitudinal muscles are lengthened. When the longitudinal muscles contract to make the segment shorter and thicker, the circular muscles become lengthened. Movement occurs when waves of contraction of longitudinal muscles cause a “bulge” to progress from the anterior end to the posterior end. When an earthworm is moving through the soil, for example, contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles occur reciprocally.
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