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Bones, muscles, and joints form the musculoskeletal system, which enables us to perform everyday physical activities. Bones give our bodies shape and hold us upright, while muscles allow us to move. There are more than 600 muscles in the human body, and they comprise 30% to 40% of our total body mass. Bones and muscles work together to allow us to stand, walk, run, and even sit.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Definition | Bones are strong tissues made of collagen and calcium phosphate. Muscles are tissues made of fibres that are attached to bones. |
| Function | Bones give the body shape, hold the body upright, and protect internal organs. Muscles enable movement by contracting and relaxing. |
| Types | There are more than 600 skeletal muscles in the human body. There are three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and visceral. |
| Control | Muscles are controlled consciously. However, cardiac and visceral muscles are controlled by the heart's inbuilt pacemaker and the unconscious part of the brain, respectively. |
| Composition | Bones are made of collagen and calcium phosphate. Muscles are made of fibres that have horizontal stripes when viewed under a microscope. |
| Weight | Muscles make up about half of a person's body weight. |
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What You'll Learn
Bones, muscles and joints form the musculoskeletal system
Bones, muscles, and joints form the musculoskeletal system, which provides the body with movement, stability, shape, and support. The musculoskeletal system is further divided into the muscular system and the skeletal system. The former includes all types of muscles in the body, while the latter's main component is the bone.
The muscular system contains skeletal muscles, which are attached to bones by tendons, and tendons themselves, which are made of strong fibrous connective tissue. Skeletal muscles are voluntary, meaning you can consciously control their movement. They make up 30-40% of your total body mass and are the most common type of muscle in the body. They help the body perform a wide range of movements and functions, from breathing and eating to exercising.
The skeletal system, on the other hand, is made up primarily of bones, which are strong tissues made of collagen and calcium phosphate. Bones give the body shape, hold it upright, and protect internal organs. They also contain bone marrow, which produces red and white blood cells and platelets. Bones are connected to other bones by ligaments, which are fibrous bands of dense connective tissue similar to tendons.
Joints are where two bones meet and make the skeleton flexible, allowing for movement. Some joints, like knees and elbows, open and close like a hinge, while others, like the shoulder and hip joints, allow for more complex movements. Cartilage, a flexible substance, covers the ends of bones and acts as cushioning, supporting and protecting them where they rub against each other.
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Muscles are attached to bones by tendons
Bones, muscles, and joints form the musculoskeletal system, which enables us to perform everyday physical activities. Bones provide support for our bodies and help form our shape. They also protect our organs, such as the brain, heart, and liver.
Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, meaning you can consciously control their movement. They help generate heat in the body, protect organs, and maintain your posture. They also help with everyday movements such as breathing, eating, and moving your bones. Skeletal muscles comprise 30% to 40% of your total body mass, and it is important to keep them strong and healthy.
The musculoskeletal system also includes joints, which are where two bones meet. Joints make the skeleton flexible and allow the body to move in many ways. Some joints open and close like a hinge (e.g., knees and elbows), while others allow for more complicated movements (e.g., shoulder or hip joints).
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There are three types of muscle: visceral, cardiac and skeletal
Bones, muscles, and joints form the musculoskeletal system, which enables us to perform everyday physical activities. There are more than 600 skeletal muscles in the human body, comprising 30% to 40% of our total body mass. They are attached to the bones and allow us to perform a wide range of movements and functions.
There are three types of muscles in the body: visceral, cardiac, and skeletal. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, meaning we control how and when they move and work. They are attached to the bones and help us perform everyday movements. Skeletal muscles are also called striated muscles because they are made up of fibres that have horizontal stripes when viewed under a microscope. They are the most common type of muscle in the body.
Visceral muscle, often referred to as smooth muscle due to its smooth appearance, is found inside organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. It is the weakest of all muscle tissues and is responsible for making organs contract to move substances through the organ. Visceral muscle is controlled by the unconscious part of the brain and is, therefore, an involuntary muscle.
Cardiac muscle, found in the walls of the heart, is also striated and is under involuntary control. It contracts to make the heart beat and is controlled by the heart's inbuilt pacemaker, the sinoatrial node. Cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
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Muscles contract to move bones closer together
Bones, muscles, and joints form the musculoskeletal system, which gives the body its structure and support, and enables movement. There are more than 600 skeletal muscles in the human body, which is a type of voluntary muscle that you can consciously control. They comprise 30% to 40% of your total body mass and are attached to bones by tendons, which are made of strong fibrous connective tissue.
When you want to move, your brain tells a muscle to contract, and it shortens, pulling one bone towards another across a joint. Muscles move body parts by contracting and then relaxing. They pull bones but cannot push them back to their original position, so they work in pairs of flexors and extensors. The flexor contracts to bend a limb at a joint, and when the movement is complete, the flexor relaxes and the extensor contracts to extend or straighten the limb at the same joint. For example, when you bend your elbow, the bicep muscle in the front of your upper arm contracts, and then relaxes, after which the tricep muscle at the back of the upper arm contracts to straighten the elbow.
Skeletal muscles are made up of flexible muscle fibres that have horizontal stripes when viewed under a microscope, so they are also called striated muscles. Each muscle can contain thousands of fibres, and they contract (tighten) to allow movement. They also play an important role in regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels by taking up glucose from the blood to use as fuel or to store for later.
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Bones are made of collagen and calcium phosphate
Bones, muscles, and joints form the musculoskeletal system, which enables us to perform everyday physical activities. Bones give our bodies shape and hold our bodies upright. They also protect our internal organs, such as the heart and liver, from injury and help us move.
The bone matrix is a crystalline complex of calcium and phosphate called hydroxyapatite (HAp). In addition to calcium and phosphate, bone minerals contain significant amounts of carbonate, magnesium, sodium, and fluorine. The bone's hardness and rigidity are due to the presence of these mineral salts in the osteoid matrix.
There are two types of bone according to the pattern of collagen forming the osteoid: woven bone and lamellar bone. Woven bone is characterized by a haphazard organization of collagen fibres and is mechanically weak. Lamellar bone, on the other hand, has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets, making it mechanically strong. In adults, virtually all bone is lamellar bone, except after fractures when woven bone is produced to repair the break.
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Frequently asked questions
A muscle is a discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. There are over 600 muscles in the human body, comprising 30-40% of our total body mass.
Bones are strong tissues made of collagen and calcium phosphate. Bones give our bodies shape and hold us upright, as well as protecting our internal organs.
No, they are different parts of the musculoskeletal system, which also includes joints, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and other tissues and vessels.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons and move bones by contracting and then relaxing. They can pull bones towards each other across joints, but they can't push them back to their original position, so they work in pairs of flexors and extensors.
Some examples of skeletal muscles include the biceps, triceps, shoulder muscles, hamstring muscles, abdominal muscles, and sternocleidomastoid. The femur, humerus, radius, ulna, vertebrae, and skull are all examples of bones.
