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Appendicular muscles are those that are attached to the appendicular skeleton, which is made up of the bones that support the appendages of the body, i.e. the limbs. Appendicular muscles of the upper limbs include those that move the arm, forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers. Appendicular muscles of the lower limbs include those that move the leg, thigh, knee, foot, and toes.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Definition | Muscles of the shoulder and upper limb |
| Can be divided into four groups: muscles that stabilize and position the pectoral girdle, muscles that move the arm, muscles that move the forearm, and muscles that move the hand | |
| Forearm flexors | Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis |
| Extensors | Triceps brachii and anconeus |
| Pronators | Pronator teres and pronator quadratus |
| Supinator | Supinator (the only one that turns the forearm anteriorly) |
| Forearm muscles that produce flexion | Flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, and flexor digitorum superficialis |
| Forearm muscles that produce extension | Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, and extensor carpi ulnaris |
| Intrinsic muscles of the hand | Abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi |
| Muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh | Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis |
| Muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh | Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius |
| Muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh | Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (the hamstring group) |
| Muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg | Fibularis longus (peroneus longus) and fibularis brevis (peroneus brevis) |
| Superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg | Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris |
| Deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg | Popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior |
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What You'll Learn
Appendicular muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
The appendicular muscles of the lower body position and stabilize the pelvic girdle, which serves as a foundation for the lower limbs. The pelvic girdle has a limited range of motion due to its connection with the sacrum at the base of the axial skeleton, which helps to stabilize and support the body.
The muscles that move the thigh bone (femur) and originate on the pelvic girdle are the psoas major and iliacus, which make up the iliopsoas group. The gluteal muscles or gluteal group are some of the body's largest and most powerful muscles. The gluteus maximus is the largest, with the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus underneath it. The muscles of the hip that move the femur generally originate on the pelvic girdle and insert into the femur. The muscles that move the lower leg usually originate on the femur and insert into the bones of the knee joint.
Deep fascia in the thigh separates it into medial, anterior, and posterior compartments. The muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh are responsible for adducting the femur at the hip. The muscles in this compartment include the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis, which also flexes the leg at the knee. The muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh flex the thigh and extend the leg. This compartment contains the quadriceps femoris group, which is made up of four muscles that extend and stabilize the knee: the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
The posterior compartment of the thigh includes muscles that flex the leg and extend the thigh. The hamstring group, which is made up of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus, is a set of three long muscles on the back of the knee that flex the knee. The muscles of the leg are divided by deep fascia into three compartments: anterior, lateral, and posterior. The muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg are generally responsible for dorsiflexion, while the muscles of the posterior compartment are responsible for plantar flexion. The lateral and medial muscles in both compartments invert, evert, and rotate the foot.
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Appendicular muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs
The appendicular muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs can be divided into four groups: muscles that stabilise and position the pectoral girdle, muscles that move the arm, muscles that move the forearm, and muscles that move the wrists, hands, and fingers.
The pectoral girdle, or shoulder girdle, consists of the lateral ends of the clavicle and scapula, along with the proximal end of the humerus, and the muscles covering these three bones to stabilise the shoulder joint. The girdle creates a base from which the head of the humerus can move the arm in multiple directions. The muscles that position and stabilise the pectoral girdle are located on the thorax. The anterior thoracic muscles are the subclavius, pectoralis minor, and the serratus anterior. The posterior thoracic muscles are the trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor. Nine muscles cross the shoulder joint to move the humerus. The ones that originate on the axial skeleton are the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi. The deltoid, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, and coracobrachialis originate on the scapula.
The forearm flexors include the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The extensors are the triceps brachii and anconeus. The pronators are the pronator teres and the pronator quadratus. The supinator is the only one that turns the forearm anteriorly. The extrinsic muscles of the hands originate along the forearm and insert into the hand to facilitate crude movements of the wrists, hands, and fingers. The superficial anterior compartment of the forearm produces flexion. These muscles are the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, and the flexor digitorum superficialis. The deep anterior compartment produces flexion as well. These are the flexor pollicis longus and the flexor digitorum profundus. The rest of the compartments produce extension. The extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, and extensor carpi ulnaris are the muscles found in the superficial posterior compartment.
The intrinsic muscles of the hand both originate and insert within it. These muscles allow your fingers to make precise movements for actions such as typing or writing. These muscles are divided into three groups. The thenar muscles are on the radial aspect of the palm. The hypothenar muscles are on the medial aspect of the palm, and the intermediate muscles are midpalmar. The thenar muscles include the abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, and the adductor pollicis. These muscles form the thenar eminence, the rounded contour of the base of the thumb, and all act on the thumb. The movements of the thumb play an integral role in most precise movements of the hand. The hypothenar muscles include the abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and the opponens digiti minimi. These muscles form the hypothenar eminence, the rounded contour of the little finger, and as such, they all act on the little finger.
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Appendicular muscles of the thigh
Appendicular muscles are those that position and stabilise the pelvic girdle, which serves as a foundation for the lower limbs. The appendicular muscles of the thigh are divided into medial, anterior, and posterior compartments by deep fascia.
The medial compartment of the thigh is responsible for adducting the femur at the hip. The muscles in this compartment include the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis. These muscles also flex the leg at the knee.
The anterior compartment of the thigh contains the quadriceps femoris group, which extends and stabilises the knee. The muscles in this compartment include the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
The posterior compartment of the thigh includes muscles that flex the leg and extend the thigh. This compartment includes the hamstring group, which is made up of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. These muscles flex the knee, and their tendons form the popliteal fossa, a diamond-shaped space at the back of the knee.
The gluteal and thigh muscles also work together to adduct, abduct, and rotate the thigh and lower leg. The tensor fascia latae, a thick, square muscle in the superior aspect of the lateral thigh, helps flex and abduct the thigh, as well as stabilise the knee. Deep to the gluteus maximus, muscles such as the piriformis, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris laterally rotate the femur at the hip.
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Appendicular muscles of the leg
Appendicular muscles are those that position and stabilise the pelvic girdle, which acts as a foundation for the lower limbs. The pelvic girdle has a limited range of motion due to its connection with the sacrum at the base of the axial skeleton. This restricted movement is necessary for stabilisation and support of the body.
The appendicular muscles of the leg lack range of motion and versatility, but they make up for this with size and power, facilitating the body's stabilisation, posture, and movement. Most muscles that insert on the femur (thigh bone) and move it, originate on the pelvic girdle. The psoas major and iliacus make up the iliopsoas group, which is responsible for flexing and abducting the thigh. The gluteal group, including the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus, are some of the largest and most powerful muscles in the body. They are responsible for abducting, adducting, and rotating the thigh and lower leg.
The thigh muscles are divided by deep fascia into medial, anterior, and posterior compartments. The muscles in the medial compartment adduct the femur at the hip, while the muscles in the anterior compartment flex the thigh and extend the leg. The posterior compartment of the thigh includes muscles that flex the leg and extend the thigh, such as the hamstring group, which consists of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.
The anterior muscles of the femur extend the lower leg and flex the thigh, while the posterior muscles flex the lower leg and extend the thigh. The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius are part of the quadriceps femoris group, which extends and stabilises the knee. The sartorius is a band-like muscle that flexes the leg at the knee and allows for sitting cross-legged.
The leg is divided into three compartments: anterior, lateral, and posterior. The muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg are responsible for dorsiflexion, while those in the posterior compartment are responsible for plantar flexion. The lateral and medial muscles in both compartments invert, evert, and rotate the foot. The gastrocnemius is the most superficial and visible muscle of the calf, with the soleus deep to it. The lateral compartment includes the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis, while the posterior compartment includes the superficial muscles that insert onto the calcaneal tendon, such as the gastrocnemius.
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Appendicular muscles of the hand
Appendicular muscles are those that are attached to the appendicular skeleton, which is made up of the bones that support the appendages of the body, such as the arms and legs. Appendicular muscles of the hand are those that originate in the forearm and insert into the hand, facilitating movement of the wrists, hands, and fingers.
The forearm flexors include muscles such as the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The extensors are the triceps brachii and anconeus. The pronators are the pronator teres and the pronator quadratus. The supinator is the only muscle that turns the forearm anteriorly. The extrinsic muscles of the hand, which facilitate crude movements of the wrists, hands, and fingers, originate along the forearm and insert into the hand. The superficial anterior compartment of the forearm produces flexion and includes muscles such as the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, and the flexor digitorum superficialis. The deep anterior compartment produces flexion as well and includes the flexor pollicis longus and the flexor digitorum profundus. The rest of the compartments produce extension and include muscles such as the extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, and extensor carpi ulnaris.
The intrinsic muscles of the hand both originate and insert within it. These muscles allow for precise movements of the fingers, such as typing or writing. These muscles are divided into three groups: the thenar, hypothenar, and intermediate muscles. The thenar muscles, which include the abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, and the adductor pollicis, form the thenar eminence, the rounded contour of the base of the thumb, and act on the thumb. The hypothenar muscles, which include the abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and the opponens digiti minimi, form the hypothenar eminence, the rounded contour of the little finger, and act on the little finger. The intermediate muscles act on all the fingers and include the lumbrical, the palmar interossei, and the dorsal interossei.
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Frequently asked questions
Appendicular muscles are muscles of the shoulder, upper limb, and pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
The muscles of the upper limb can be divided into four groups: muscles that stabilise and position the pectoral girdle, muscles that move the arm, muscles that move the forearm, and muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers.
The muscles of the lower limb can be divided into three compartments: anterior, lateral, and posterior. The muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh flex the thigh and extend the leg. The muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh flex the leg and extend the thigh. The muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg include the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis.
