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The procerus muscle is a small, pyramidal muscle in the glabella, the area between the eyebrows. It is involved in facial expressions, particularly frowning, and helps shield the eyes from bright light. The procerus muscle is also targeted in non-surgical facial rejuvenation treatments to reduce wrinkles. This muscle is part of the facial muscles nasal group, which also includes the nasalis, levator nasolabialis, and depressor septi nasi muscles.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Muscle shape | Pyramidal or triangular |
| Muscle group | Nasal |
| Muscle function | Facial expression, frowning, attentional control |
| Muscle origin | Second pharyngeal arch |
| Muscle innervation | Facial nerve (CN VII) |
| Muscle blood supply | Facial artery, external carotid artery |
| Muscle insertion | Skin between the eyebrows |
| Muscle attachments | Corrugator supercilii, levator nasolabialis, nasalis |
| Procerus sign | Clinical clue for early Progressive Supranuclear Palsy |
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What You'll Learn
The procerus muscle is a facial expression muscle
The procerus muscle is supplied by the angular and lateral nasal branches of the facial artery, which is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the superficial face. The muscle fibres insert into the skin between the eyebrows and merge with those of the frontalis muscle. The procerus muscle is located inferomedial to the frontalis muscles bilaterally. Laterally to the lower part of the procerus muscle is the levator nasolabialis muscle, while inferiorly it blends with the nasalis muscle.
The procerus muscle is part of the nasal group of facial muscles, which also includes the nasalis, levator nasolabialis, and depressor septi nasi muscles. The procerus muscle works with other muscles that are part of the glabellar complex, including the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles. These muscles depress the medial eyebrow, producing transverse cutaneous furrows, and also assist nostril flaring.
The procerus muscle is of clinical importance in cosmetic and surgical procedures, such as botulinum toxin injections, injectable fillers, and blepharoplasty. It is often targeted in non-surgical facial rejuvenation treatments due to its contribution to wrinkle formation on the nasal bridge.
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It allows humans to frown
The procerus muscle is a small, pyramidal or triangular muscle in the glabella, the area between the eyebrows. It is a facial muscle that enables humans to frown.
When the procerus contracts, it pulls down the medial parts of the eyebrows and wrinkles the skin between them, allowing for a frowning expression. This muscle is also involved in other facial expressions associated with attentional control, and it indirectly helps to shield the eyes from bright light.
The procerus is part of the nasal group of facial muscles, which also includes the nasalis, levator nasolabialis, and depressor septi nasi. It originates from the nasal bone and the superior part of the lateral nasal cartilage. The procerus is supplied by the angular and lateral nasal branches of the facial artery, which is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the superficial face.
The structure and functionality of the procerus muscle are clinically important, especially in cosmetic and surgical procedures. For example, as the procerus contributes to wrinkle formation on the nasal bridge, it is often targeted in cosmetic procedures such as non-surgical facial rejuvenation treatments and injectable fillers.
In a routine physical exam, physicians can test the procerus muscle by instructing the patient to pull their eyebrows down in an angry expression. This test helps to ensure that the facial nerve is intact and that the procerus muscle is functioning properly.
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It is located in the midline of the face
The procerus muscle is located in the midline of the face, deep beneath the skin that covers the root of the nose and the glabella, the area between the eyebrows. It is a small, pyramidal or triangular muscle, that arises from the fascia covering the lower part of the nasal bone and the upper part of the lateral nasal cartilage. The procerus muscle is part of the nasal group of facial muscles, which also includes the nasalis, levator nasolabialis, and depressor septi nasi.
The procerus muscle is involved in facial expressions, particularly frowning and those associated with attentional control. When it contracts, it depresses the medial parts of the eyebrows and wrinkles the skin between them, allowing for the expression of anger or superiority. This muscle also indirectly helps to shield the eyes from bright light.
The procerus muscle is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII) and its branches, including the temporal, lower zygomatic, and buccal branches. It receives its blood supply from the facial artery, specifically the angular and lateral nasal branches.
The structure and function of the procerus muscle are clinically important, particularly in cosmetic and surgical procedures. For example, as it contributes to wrinkle formation on the nasal bridge, it is often targeted in cosmetic treatments such as botulinum toxin injections.
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It is supplied by the temporal branch of the facial nerve
The procerus muscle is a small, pyramidal or triangular muscle in the glabella, the region between the eyebrows. It is involved in facial expressions, particularly frowning, and is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII). The procerus muscle is supplied by the temporal branch of the facial nerve. This nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression, which are derived from the second pharyngeal arch.
The facial nerve penetrates the core of the muscle primordium of the second pharyngeal arch, supplying the procerus muscle and other facial muscles with nervous innervation. The procerus muscle receives its blood supply via branches of the facial artery, specifically the angular and lateral nasal branches. The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery, which supplies the superficial face.
The procerus muscle is located in the midline of the face, deep to the skin that covers the root of the nose and glabella. It arises from the nasal bone and the upper part of the lateral nasal cartilage. The muscle fibres insert into the skin between the eyebrows and merge with the frontalis muscle fibres.
The procerus muscle is part of the nasal group of facial muscles, which also includes the nasalis, levator nasolabialis, and depressor septi nasi muscles. Together, these muscles contribute to facial expressions and nasal function. The procerus muscle is important in facial expressions, particularly frowning, and is often targeted in cosmetic procedures to reduce wrinkles and signs of ageing.
The function of the procerus muscle is clinically important, especially in the context of physical examinations and neurological diagnoses. For example, during a routine physical exam, physicians can instruct patients to contract the procerus muscle by frowning or pulling their eyebrows down to test the facial nerve function.
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It is targeted in non-surgical facial rejuvenation treatments
The procerus muscle is a small, triangular facial muscle that allows humans to frown. It is located in the midline of the face, between the eyebrows, and covers the nasal bone and upper part of the lateral nasal cartilage. When contracted, the procerus muscle pulls the skin between the eyebrows downwards, depressing the medial parts of the eyebrows and wrinkling the skin between them. This wrinkling of the skin, or wrinkle formation on the nasal bridge, is one of the main reasons the procerus muscle is targeted in non-surgical facial rejuvenation treatments.
Non-surgical facial rejuvenation treatments are increasingly favoured by cosmetic surgeons and patients due to their advantages over traditional surgical procedures. These advantages include a smaller wound surface, a shorter recovery period, and more natural effects. Non-surgical treatments can also reduce the side effects of discomfort, bleeding, and bruising, as well as avoiding the risks associated with general anaesthesia.
Botulinum toxin, also known as Botox, is commonly used to treat the upper part of the face and reduce or eliminate wrinkle lines caused by squinting, frowning, and raising the eyebrows. When injected into the superficial muscles of the face, Botox relaxes these muscles and prevents the formation of dynamic facial lines. It also prevents these lines from becoming permanently fixed in the skin, thereby preventing the appearance of facial ageing.
Botox is a purified form of botulinum toxin and is considered extremely effective and safe, with no serious side effects. It is ideal for smoothing the skin between the eyebrows, the lines of the forehead, and the crow's feet area around the eyes. Other injectable fillers, such as Juvederm or Voluma, are also used to fill in wrinkles and folds, providing a safe and youthful appearance.
In addition to injectables, other non-surgical facial rejuvenation techniques include chemical peels, micro-needling, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections. Chemical peels work by removing the outermost layers of the skin, resulting in smoother and less wrinkled skin. Micro-needling is used to treat fine lines, acne scars, and improve skin texture, tone, and colour. PRP injections utilise a patient's own blood to promote collagen production and rejuvenate the skin, and can also be used to treat hair loss.
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Frequently asked questions
The procerus muscle is a small, pyramidal or triangular muscle in the glabella, the area between the eyebrows. It is a muscle of facial expression that enables us to frown.
The procerus muscle is involved in facial expressions such as frowning and those associated with attentional control. It also indirectly helps to shield the eyes from bright light.
The term 'procerus' is derived from Latin, meaning tall or extended, or prince.
The procerus muscle is of clinical importance in cosmetic and surgical procedures, such as botulinum toxin injections, injectable fillers, and blepharoplasty. It is also used as a tool during routine physical exams to test the muscles of facial expression and ensure the facial nerve is intact.
