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Eccentric (ECC) exercise is a form of training that improves muscle strength and power. It is commonly used by athletes and healthy individuals. ECC muscle actions combine high muscle force with a low energy cost, making it suitable for people with limited exercise capacity. ECC exercise training can be used for rehabilitation and injury prevention. ECC is also known as excitation-contraction coupling, a physiological process that links muscle excitation by the nervous system to their mechanical contraction. ECC is initiated by an action potential, which causes a depolarisation of the muscle fibre membrane, leading to a change in transmembrane potential. This process is detected by voltage-gated calcium channels, which transmit a signal to release calcium ions and initiate muscle contraction.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Full form | Excitation-contraction coupling |
| Application | Used to improve muscle strength and power in healthy subjects and athletes |
| Use cases | Rehabilitation, clinical purposes, injury prevention, and post-injury rehabilitation |
| Exercise modalities | Strength and conditioning exercises, isotonic or isokinetic exercises, and ECC ergometers |
| Properties | Higher muscle force-generating capacity, lower metabolic and cardiovascular responses than concentric muscle work |
| Cardiovascular stress | Greater cardiovascular stress observed during ECC muscle work when performed at a similar level of VO2 |
| Training | Eccentric Ergometer Training |
| Molecular mechanism | Interaction between dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) |
| Defects | Hereditary and acquired defects in ECC proteins can cause pathological conditions such as congenital myopathies |
| Initiation | Action potential generated by the somatic nervous system |
| Calcium channels | Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and ryanodine receptor (RyR1) |
| Calcium release | Contraction occurs when calcium binds to troponin, causing a configurational change and removing tropomyosin from its blocking position on the actin filament |
| Calcium reuptake | Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport |
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What You'll Learn
ECC and muscle rehabilitation
The process by which muscle fibre electrical depolarization is linked to the activation of muscle contraction is known as excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). ECC is initiated by an action potential generated by the somatic nervous system, which causes a depolarization of the muscle fibre membrane. This leads to a rapid change in transmembrane potential, which is detected by the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) embedded in the sarcolemma. DHPR then transmits the contractile signal to another Ca2+ channel, the ryanodine receptor (RyR1), which releases a large amount of Ca2+ ions and initiates muscle contraction.
ECC is an essential process in muscle physiology, and its understanding has increased significantly since its early scientific descriptions in the eighteenth century by Galvani. ECC has been studied extensively in the context of skeletal muscle, where it plays a crucial role in linking electrical signals from the somatic nervous system to mechanical muscle contractions. Hereditary and acquired defects in the ECC proteins can compromise muscle development and performance, leading to pathological conditions such as congenital myopathies.
Eccentric (ECC) exercise refers to the use of ECC muscle work for rehabilitation and clinical purposes. ECC exercises are known to improve muscle strength and power and are commonly used for athletes and healthy individuals. The unique feature of ECC muscle actions is their ability to combine high muscle force with a low energy cost, making them attractive for individuals with limited exercise capacity. ECC exercises can be generated through various modalities, including strength and conditioning exercises, isotonic or isokinetic exercises, and ergometer training.
ECC muscle work has been found to induce lower metabolic and cardiovascular responses compared to concentric muscle work when performed at similar mechanical power. However, when performed at similar VO2 levels, ECC muscle work exhibits greater cardiovascular stress. This highlights the importance of cautious interpretation of heart rate values during training load management. ECC training has been shown to improve functional capacity, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and post-COVID-19 patients. Additionally, ECC training has been proposed as an effective alternative to pulmonary rehabilitation in severely ventilatory-limited COPD patients.
In the context of muscle rehabilitation, ECC exercises have been found to be beneficial in mitigating muscle impairments following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The early introduction of progressive ECC muscle activity in a controlled manner has shown improvements in quadriceps and gluteus maximus volume and strength when compared to a standard rehabilitation program. ECC contractions produce greater force than isometric or concentric muscle contractions, making them a potent stimulus for increasing muscle size and strength. Overall, ECC exercises offer a safe and effective approach to enhancing muscle performance and rehabilitation.
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ECC exercise training
Eccentric (ECC) exercises are used to improve muscle strength and power in healthy individuals and athletes. ECC exercises are also used for rehabilitation and clinical purposes. ECC muscle actions can be generated using various exercise modalities that target small or large muscle masses with minimal or no muscle damage or pain.
ECC exercises are known for their higher muscle force-generating capacity. ECC muscle work induces lower metabolic and cardiovascular responses than concentric muscle work when performed at a similar mechanical or metabolic power. However, ECC muscle work can lead to greater cardiovascular stress when performed at a similar level of VO2. Therefore, caution is required in interpreting heart rate values for training load management.
ECC training has also been studied for its effects on patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. One study found that eccentric ergometer training promoted locomotor muscle strength but not mitochondrial adaptation in these patients.
Overall, ECC exercise is a promising training modality with various applications. However, more research is needed to understand how the neuromuscular system adapts to ECC exercise training to optimize future training strategies.
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ECC and muscle contraction
ECC stands for excitation-contraction coupling, a physiological process that links excitation of muscles by the nervous system to their mechanical contraction. In skeletal muscle, ECC is initiated with an action potential generated by the somatic nervous system, which causes a depolarisation of the muscle fibre membrane (sarcolemma). This leads to a rapid change in the transmembrane potential, which is detected by the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) embedded in the sarcolemma.
The DHPR transmits the contractile signal to another Ca2+ channel, the ryanodine receptor (RyR1), embedded in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). This releases a large amount of Ca2+ ions from the SR, initiating muscle contraction. The interaction between DHPR and RyR1 is central to the molecular mechanism of ECC in skeletal muscle. Structurally, a single RyR1 tetramer attaches opposite a tetrad of DHPR channels, suggesting a mechanical nature to the interaction between these two Ca2+ channels.
ECC is an essential process in muscle physiology, responsible for linking electrical signals from the somatic nervous system (action potentials) to mechanical muscle contractions. In skeletal muscle, the ECC is initiated at the neuromuscular junction, where a motor neuron connects to a muscle fibre (a multinucleate cell) by the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from the axon terminal. Upon diffusing to the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane), ACh binds to ligand-gated cation channels (ACh receptors) that initiate an action potential in the muscle fibre.
ECC is also used as an abbreviation for eccentric exercise training, which is used to improve muscle strength and power in healthy subjects and athletes. ECC muscle actions can be generated using various exercise modalities that target small or large muscle masses with minimal or no muscle damage or pain. The most interesting feature of ECC muscle actions is the combination of high muscle force with a low energy cost. Therefore, if caution is taken to minimise muscle damage, ECC muscle exercise can be recommended not only to athletes and healthy subjects but also to individuals with moderately to severely limited exercise capacity.
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ECC and muscle relaxation
ECC, or excitation-contraction coupling, is a physiological process that links excitation of muscles by the nervous system to their mechanical contraction. In other words, it is the connection between a cell's action potential and the coordinated contraction or force generation, mediated by calcium metabolism. ECC is initiated by an action potential generated by the somatic nervous system, which causes a depolarisation of the muscle fibre membrane (sarcolemma). This leads to a rapid change in the transmembrane potential, which is detected by the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) embedded in the sarcolemma.
The DHPR then transmits the contractile signal to another Ca2+ channel, the ryanodine receptor (RyR1), embedded in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The RyR1 releases a large amount of Ca2+ ions from the SR, initiating muscle contraction. This sequence of events is known as the ECC mechanism, and it occurs rapidly, leading to the abrupt transition of a muscle from rest to contraction.
ECC is essential in muscle physiology, and defects in the ECC proteins can compromise muscle development and performance, causing pathological conditions. ECC exercise is used to improve muscle strength and power, and due to its specific physiological and mechanical properties, it is also being employed for rehabilitation and clinical purposes. ECC muscle actions can be generated through various exercise modalities, including strength and conditioning exercises, classical isotonic or isokinetic exercises, and ECC ergometer training.
Following muscle contraction, relaxation occurs when the nerve impulse ceases and calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport. In the absence of calcium, tropomyosin returns to its blocking position on actin, and myosin heads are unable to bind to actin. This relaxation phase is just as important as the contraction phase, and it is mediated by the same voltage-gated calcium channels that initiate ECC.
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ECC and muscle development
ECC, or excitation-contraction coupling, is a physiological process that links the excitation of muscles by the nervous system to their mechanical contraction. In other words, ECC is the process by which muscle fibre electrical depolarization is linked to the activation of muscle contraction. This process is initiated by an action potential, generated by the somatic nervous system, which causes a depolarization of the muscle fibre membrane (sarcolemma). This leads to a rapid change in the transmembrane potential, which is detected by the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) embedded in the sarcolemma. DHPR then transmits the contractile signal to another Ca2+ channel, the ryanodine receptor (RyR1), embedded in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). RyR1 releases a large amount of Ca2+ ions from the SR, initiating muscle contraction.
ECC is an essential process in muscle physiology, and defects in the ECC proteins are known to compromise muscle development and performance, causing pathological conditions such as congenital myopathies. For example, several mutations in RyR1 have been linked to malignant hyperthermia, central core disease, and multi-minicore disease. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ECC could help develop new ways to mitigate the detrimental effects of these inherited disorders and age-related muscle weakness (sarcopenia).
ECC exercise, or eccentric exercise, is a form of training that can improve muscle strength and power in healthy individuals and athletes. It involves generating ECC muscle actions through various exercise modalities, such as strength and conditioning exercises using body weight and/or external loads, and classical isotonic or isokinetic exercises. ECC muscle actions combine high muscle force with a low energy cost, making them suitable for individuals with limited exercise capacity, with the goal of improving their functional capacity.
Recent studies have also explored the use of ECC exercise training in elderly populations and patients with chronic cardiac, respiratory, or metabolic conditions. For example, eccentric ergometer training has been shown to promote locomotor muscle strength in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Additionally, ECC exercise training has been proposed as a potential alternative for improving functional capacity, inflammation, and oxidative stress in post-COVID-19 patients during pulmonary rehabilitation.
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Frequently asked questions
ECC stands for excitation-contraction coupling, a physiological process that links excitation of muscles by the nervous system to their mechanical contraction.
ECC is an essential process in muscle physiology, responsible for linking electrical signals from the somatic nervous system (action potentials) to mechanical muscle contractions.
Eccentric (ECC) exercise is used to improve muscle strength and power in healthy subjects and athletes. ECC muscle actions can be generated using various exercise modalities that target small or large muscle masses with minimal or no muscle damage or pain.
