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The muscular layer, also known as the muscular coat, muscular fibres, muscularis propria, or muscularis externa, is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa. It is responsible for gut movement, such as peristalsis. The muscular layer is made up of thousands of small fibres woven together, stretching and pressing together to move your organs and body. There are three types of muscle tissue in the body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are the most common type of muscle in the body, comprising 30-40% of total body mass. They are attached to the bones and are responsible for generating heat in the body as they contract. Smooth muscles, on the other hand, line the internal organs and are not striated.
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What You'll Learn
Muscular layer structure
The muscular layer, also known as the muscular coat, muscular fibres, muscularis propria, or muscularis externa, is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa. It is responsible for gut movement, such as peristalsis. The muscular layer is made up of thousands of small fibres woven together, stretching and pressing together to move the body and internal organs.
The muscular layer has a specific structure. In the muscular wall, there are smooth muscles arranged in an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. The two layers are organised at appropriate angles to one another, forming the basis of peristaltic contractions. The thin smooth muscle layer, named muscularis mucosae (MM), penetrates the mucosa (M) and submucosa (SM) from the side of the inner circular layer of the muscular wall. The muscularis mucosae contributes to the mucosa and produces local movement and folding of the mucosa.
The muscularis externa layer is similar in all segments of the small intestine. The thickest muscularis layer is found in the stomach, which has three layers and thus maximum peristalsis. The innermost layer of the muscularis externa forms a sphincter in two locations of the gastrointestinal tract. In the upper oesophagus, part of the externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle. In the vas deferens of the spermatic cord, there are three layers: inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer longitudinal. In the ureter, the smooth muscle orientation is opposite that of the GI tract, with an inner longitudinal and outer circular layer.
The muscular layer also has a specific structure in terms of its connective tissue. There are three layers of connective tissue in the muscle organ: the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium. The endomysium is the innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fibre. It looks like a tubular membrane sheath surrounding the muscle fibre and helps connect the different muscle fibres to each other. The perimysium is the middle layer, surrounding bundles of muscle fibres. The outermost layer is the epimysium, which surrounds the entire muscle. The connective tissue layers hold the muscle and nervous tissue together, aiding in the contraction of the muscle tissue.
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Smooth muscle
In terms of medical therapy, smooth muscle plays a significant role in the treatment of various diseases. For example, bronchodilators are used to relax airway smooth muscle in asthmatic patients, while nitrates are used in combination with ACE inhibitors to treat ischemic heart disease and improve patient mortality. Smooth muscle is also important in the development of the endothelial network, with vascular smooth muscle cells contributing to vascular stability.
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Skeletal muscle
- Epimysium: The outermost layer of tissue surrounding the entire muscle.
- Perimysium: The middle layer surrounding bundles of muscle fibres.
- Endomysium: The innermost layer surrounding individual muscle fibres.
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Cardiac muscle
The muscular layer is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. The muscular layer is also known as the muscular coat, muscular fibers, muscularis propria, and muscularis externa.
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Connective tissue
The human body is made up of different types of muscles, namely skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. These muscles are made of thousands of small fibres woven together. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones through tendons, which are made of connective tissue.
The endomysium is the innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fibre. It looks like a tubular membrane sheath surrounding the muscle fibre. It functions to help connect the different muscle fibres to each other to create the fascicles. The endomysium forms a continuous network throughout the fascicles. The perimysium is the middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle. The outermost layer is the epimysium, which surrounds the entire muscle organ.
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Frequently asked questions
The muscle layer, also known as the muscular coat, muscular fibers, muscularis propria, or muscularis externa, is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis.
The muscular layer is made of muscle tissue, which is arranged in layers of muscle and nervous tissue. The muscle tissue is intertwined with the connective tissue that supports it.
There are three types of muscle tissue in the body: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is the most common type and is attached to the bones of the body to help with movement. Cardiac muscle makes up the middle layers of the heart, while smooth muscle lines internal organs such as the gut.
The muscularis layer in the colon is an example of the muscular layer in the body. It consists of an outer longitudinal layer, a medial thick circular layer, and an inner longitudinal layer. The Auerbach's nerve plexus is found between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers and initiates muscle contractions.
