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The sacral spinal nerve 2 (S2) is a spinal nerve of the sacral segment that supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from S2. S2 is part of the sacral plexus, which is a network of nerve fibres that supplies some of the lower limb skin and musculature. It is located on the surface of the posterior pelvic wall, anterior to the piriformis muscle. The sacral plexus provides motor and sensory nerves for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg, the entire foot, and part of the pelvis. The muscles that are innervated by S2 include the gluteus maximus, obturator internus, superior gemellus, and piriformis.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Nerve Type | Spinal nerve of the sacral segment |
| Spinal Column Origin | Below the 2nd body of the sacrum |
| Muscle Innervation | Skeletal muscles in the perineum, the external urethral sphincter, the external anal sphincter, levator ani, gluteus maximus, hamstring muscles, calf muscles, etc. |
| Sensory Functions | Innervates the penis, clitoris, and skin of the perineum |
| Motor Functions | Innervates the gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia lata, and muscles in the posterior thigh, lower leg, and foot |
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What You'll Learn
The sciatic nerve
The tibial branch of the sciatic nerve is derived from the L5, S1, S2, and S3 spinal nerves. This nerve supplies the calf muscles along the back of the leg. The sensory component of this nerve continues down as the sural nerve and supplies parts of the outer side of the ankle and heel. The common peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve is derived from the L4, L5, S1, and S2 spinal nerves. The undivided sciatic nerve innervates the four hamstring muscles and the short head of the biceps femoris muscle along the back of the thigh. The nerve also partially supplies the adductor magnus muscle along the inner front side of the thigh.
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The pudendal nerve
Sensory functions of the pudendal nerve include providing sensory information to the penis, clitoris, perineum, anal canal, and anus. It carries sensory axons from the ventral rami of the sacral spinal nerves, sending sensations from the genitals and anus to the brain. This nerve is crucial for sensation and function in the pelvic region.
Damage to the pudendal nerve can result in loss of sensation, fecal and urinary incontinence, and sexual dysfunction. Pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome is a rare condition where pressure is put on the nerve, causing chronic pain.
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The obturator internus
Obturator strain is associated with kicking sports due to overuse in young male athletes, with the initial complaint being groin pain.
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The gluteus maximus
The muscle is involved in four actions at the hip joint: extension, external rotation, abduction, and adduction of the thigh. When its proximal attachment is fixed, the gluteus maximus acts as the main hip extensor, pulling the shaft of the femur posteriorly. When its distal attachment is fixed, it pulls the pelvis backward, helping to bring the trunk from a flexed to an upright position.
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The tibial nerve
At the foot, the nerve passes posteriorly and inferiorly to the medial malleolus, through a structure known as the tarsal tunnel. Within this tunnel, branches arise from the tibial nerve to supply cutaneous innervation to the heel. The nerve terminates by dividing into medial and lateral plantar branches. The medial plantar nerve is the larger terminal branch of the tibial nerve. It passes between the abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis to divide further into branches. The lateral plantar nerve is the smaller terminal branch of the tibial nerve. It courses laterally and forward until the base of the fifth metatarsal bone, where it divides into superficial and deep branches.
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Frequently asked questions
The sacral nerves are a set of spinal nerves (S1, S2, S3, and S4) that form the lumbosacral trunk, which descends into the pelvis to meet the sacral roots.
S2 innervates the gluteus maximus, obturator internus, superior gemellus, and piriformis muscles.
S2 is responsible for motor and sensory functions in the lower limbs, including the skin and muscles in the thigh, leg, and foot.
Damage to S2 can cause reduced muscle function in the lower limbs, leading to weakness in the leg and/or foot. It can also result in sensory problems, such as burning, searing, or numb feelings in the affected areas.
