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The frontalis muscle is the only muscle that raises the eyebrows. It is a large, fan-like muscle that extends from the eyebrow region to the top of the forehead. The frontalis muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows and causing horizontal wrinkles on the forehead when it contracts. It is also necessary for conveying emotions and non-verbal communication. The corrugator supercilii muscle, the orbicularis oculi muscle, and the procerus muscle are the frontalis muscle's antagonist muscles.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Muscle Name | Frontalis |
| Muscle Type | Fan-like |
| Muscle Location | Forehead, from eyebrows to hairline |
| Function | Raises eyebrows, lifts scalp, wrinkles forehead |
| Blood Supply | Supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries |
| Nerve Supply | Frontal nerve, superior branch of the facial nerve |
| Antagonist Muscles | Procerus, corrugator supercilii, orbicularis oculi |
| Synergistic Muscles | Occipitalis |
| Use in Social Interactions | Conveying emotions and nonverbal communication |
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What You'll Learn
The frontalis muscle
The antagonist muscles to the frontalis muscle are the procerus muscle, the corrugator supercilii muscle, and the orbicularis oculi muscle. These muscles all have cutaneous insertions and confluence at the glabella and the orbital rim. The balance between these muscles determines the eyebrow position and shape. The corrugator muscle is below the frontalis and the orbicularis muscles and has a bony origin from the medial orbital rim.
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The corrugator muscle
The corrugator supercilii muscle acts in tandem with the orbicularis oculi muscle, which is located deeper into the face. The combined actions of these muscles pull the eyebrows medially and inferiorly, drawing them together and producing vertical wrinkles over the glabella, which is the area between the eyebrows and above the nose. This expression is often associated with frowning and may be regarded as the principal muscle in the expression of suffering.
The corrugator supercilii muscle is innervated by the temporal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) and receives arterial blood from the ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid artery. A small portion of its arterial blood supply also comes from the superficial temporal artery, which originates from the external carotid artery.
The action of the corrugator supercilii muscle is to elevate the medial aspect of the brow and depress the lateral segment. This muscle contraction can serve different functions, such as protecting the eyes from bright sunlight or rain. Additionally, the contraction of this muscle can be a form of nonverbal communication, conveying emotions and social interactions.
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The procerus muscle
In terms of structure, the procerus muscle originates from the nasal bone and the superior part of the lateral nasal cartilage. Its muscle fibres diverge superiorly and merge with the frontalis muscle, inserting into the skin between the eyebrows. The procerus muscle is located inferomedial to the frontalis muscles bilaterally and is considered an antagonist muscle to the frontalis, which is the sole elevator of the brow.
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The orbicularis oculi muscle
The orbital portion of the orbicularis oculi primarily facilitates the voluntary, forceful closure of the eyelids. This section has no bony insertions but attaches to various soft tissue structures of the periorbital region. The upper fibres of the orbital portion merge with the occipitofrontalis, corrugator supercilii, and depressor supercilii muscles, finally inserting into the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the eyebrow. Medially, this section attaches to the anterior limb of the medial canthal tendon and the surrounding periosteum. Laterally, it connects to the lateral palpebral raphe.
The palpebral portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle is crucial for voluntary and involuntary blinking. It originates from the superficial surface of the medial palpebral ligament, with muscle fibres composing the eyelids as they travel towards the lateral commissure of the eye. The most peripheral fibres of the palpebral part that travel along the margins of each eyelid form the ciliary bundle. The pretarsal orbicularis is thought to be responsible for the spontaneous blink.
The deep palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi, also known as the lacrimal part, originates from the lateral surface and lacrimal crest of the lacrimal bone. The lacrimal part is a small, thin muscle situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, dividing into two slips (upper and lower) that are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia. The lacrimal orbicularis facilitates the tear pump into the lacrimal sac, drawing the ends of the lacrimal canals medialward and compressing them against the surface of the globe of the eye.
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How eyebrows convey emotion
The frontalis muscle is the only muscle that raises the eyebrows. It extends from the eyebrow region to the top of the forehead and is responsible for causing horizontal wrinkles on the forehead when it contracts. The frontalis muscle is necessary for conveying emotions and nonverbal communication.
Eyebrows play a crucial role in expressing emotions and setting the tone for a person's face. They are key conveyors of mood and emotion through the interplay of several muscles. A well-positioned and shaped brow contributes to a pleasant and alert facial outlook, while droopy or sparse brows can convey tiredness or sadness.
The position and movement of the eyebrows are determined by several muscles. The frontalis muscle, being the sole elevator of the eyebrows, works against several depressor muscles that pull the eyebrows down. Over time, the combined force of these depressor muscles can lead to drooping or sagging eyebrows, a condition known as brow ptosis. This can impact an individual's appearance and even cause side vision loss.
The frontalis muscle is also associated with specific emotions in different cultural contexts. For example, in Western medicine, raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead is associated with fright, shock, and surprise. In Chinese medicine, this action is interpreted as a sign of disturbed Shen, characterised by fire and heat rising to the forehead.
The eyebrows, through their movement and positioning, convey a range of emotions that enhance our day-to-day social interactions. They are an essential aspect of non-verbal communication, influencing both the interpretation and expression of emotions.
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Frequently asked questions
The frontalis muscle is the only muscle that raises the eyebrows. It is a pair of large fan-like muscles that extend from the eyebrow region to the top of the forehead.
The corrugator supercilii muscle, the orbicularis oculi muscle, and the procerus muscle are also involved in eyebrow movement. The corrugator supercilii and orbicularis oculi muscles are antagonist muscles to the frontalis muscle, and the procerus muscle interdigitates with the frontalis.
The frontalis muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows and causing horizontal wrinkles on the forehead when it contracts. It is necessary for conveying emotions and nonverbal communication in day-to-day social interactions.
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