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Hyperplasia is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation. Hyperplasia is different from hypertrophy in that hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, whereas hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of cells. Hyperplasia has been observed in animals such as quails, chickens, rabbits, mice, rats, cats, and fish, but it is uncertain whether it occurs in humans. Some studies suggest that hyperplasia may occur in humans, but it is likely to take a long time and may only contribute a small amount to muscle growth.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Occurrence in humans | It is uncertain if hyperplasia occurs in humans. Some studies suggest that it may occur naturally, while others claim that it does not occur in humans at all. |
| Occurrence in animals | Hyperplasia has been observed in animals such as quails, chickens, rabbits, mice, rats, cats, and fish. |
| Methods to induce hyperplasia in animals | Hanging weights from wings, reducing myostatin levels, progressive weighted stretching, and resistance training. |
| Possible methods to induce hyperplasia in humans | Taking steroids, stressing a muscle for several hours every day for years or decades, and power output training. |
| Time to occur | Hyperplasia may take a long time to occur, possibly several years or decades. |
| Contribution to muscle growth | Hyperplasia may contribute to a small extent (around 5% to 10%) to the increase in muscle size and strength. |
| Definition | Hyperplasia is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue, resulting from cell proliferation. |
| Types | Myofibre hyperplasia, endometrial hyperplasia, hemihyperplasia, sebaceous hyperplasia, and compensatory liver hyperplasia. |
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What You'll Learn
Hyperplasia in humans
Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of muscle fibres, while hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of individual muscle fibres. Research over the past 40 years has shown that hypertrophy is the predominant mechanism for increasing muscle size.
Animal studies have provided some evidence for hyperplasia, particularly in overloaded conditions or after stretching. For example, cats performing resistance training and mice with reduced levels of myostatin, a protein associated with limiting muscle growth, both exhibited hyperplasia. Additionally, muscle overload in animals has been shown to induce new fibre formation, similar to what happens during development.
However, studies in humans are limited and open to methodological criticism. Longitudinal studies examining fibre number following a training protocol have not found a direct increase in muscle fibre number, and it is suggested that new fibres, if present, may be the result of satellite cell development rather than hyperplasia. Further experiments are needed to provide a definitive answer.
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Hyperplasia in animals
Hyperplasia refers to the abnormal growth of tissue due to an increase in the number of cells. In animals, hyperplasia can occur in several ways and forms.
Gingival hyperplasia
Gingival hyperplasia is a term used to refer to the abnormal growth of gum tissue. It is most commonly observed in dogs, particularly in Boxer Dogs, Bulldogs, and Cocker Spaniels. Veterinarians suspect that there is a genetic factor to this condition, causing some dogs to respond to inflammation and bacteria by increasing the amount of gum tissue. The underlying cause of most cases of gingival hyperplasia is not fully understood. However, in some cases, it may be triggered by the use of certain drugs, such as cyclosporine, calcium channel blockers, and phenytoin derivatives.
Nodular hyperplasia
Nodular hyperplasia is a benign mass lesion in the liver that occurs in dogs. It is a microscopic or grossly apparent small mass lesion that is often associated with vacuolar hepatopathy (VH). It does not cause any clinical signs of disease but can be accompanied by increased liver enzyme activity, particularly alkaline phosphatase.
Skeletal muscle hyperplasia
Evidence suggests that skeletal muscle hyperplasia contributes to muscle mass increases in adult animals, particularly in response to stretch and exercise. Studies have shown that both exercise and stretch overload can result in significant increases in fiber number, indicating muscle fiber hyperplasia. For example, one study found that cats performing resistance training exhibited muscle fiber hyperplasia similar to that seen in human weight-lifting exercises. Additionally, reducing myostatin levels in mice resulted in muscle hyperplasia.
Other forms of hyperplasia
Other forms of hyperplasia have been observed in animals as well. For instance, bird studies have shown that hanging weights from the wings of birds for extended periods can lead to muscle hyperplasia. Additionally, fish have been observed to undergo muscle hyperplasia during adolescent growth.
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Hyperplasia causes
Hyperplasia is when cells increase in number, causing the tissue or organ they are in to get bigger. This can put pressure on the surrounding tissue, leading to swelling or tenderness. Some types of hyperplasia also raise your risk of cancer. Hyperplasia is when cells in a body part multiply unnecessarily or in higher numbers.
There are many types of hyperplasia, and the symptoms and characteristics can vary from case to case. The growth from hyperplasia is not always cancerous, but it can progress into cancer in some cases. Noncancerous types of hyperplasia are referred to as "benign".
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Also known as an enlarged prostate gland, this type of hyperplasia occurs more frequently in ageing men. It can lead to urinary problems, such as blocked urine flow from the bladder, and bladder, urinary tract, or kidney problems.
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia causes the lining of the uterus to thicken. It is a precancerous condition in which there is an irregular thickening of the uterine lining. It is caused by an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone, which may interfere with ovulation and reduce progestin exposure. It is associated with heavy menstrual periods, short menstrual cycles, and postmenopausal bleeding.
Sebaceous hyperplasia
This is a skin condition that occurs due to hyperplasia in the sebaceous oil glands. It causes the sebaceous glands to produce excess oil, which builds up and forms bumps. While the bumps are physically harmless, they may bother some people.
Gingival hyperplasia
Gingival hyperplasia is when the cells in the gums multiply. In some cases, it may indicate an underlying condition or disorder.
Unilateral condylar hyperplasia
This is a rare hyperplasia that affects the jaw, possibly causing the face to appear uneven.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is when the two adrenal glands located on each of the kidneys have weakened function. It can lead to changes in sex hormones (androgen hormones), resulting in differences in sex organs, severe acne, or infertility.
While the above types of hyperplasia have been observed in humans, studies on animals such as rats, chickens, and cats have also exhibited hyperplasia. In these studies, hyperplasia was induced through methods such as hanging weights from the wings of birds, resistance training in cats, reducing myostatin levels in mice, and during the adolescent growth of fish.
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Hyperplasia vs hypertrophy
Muscle growth can occur through two primary mechanisms: hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Hypertrophy refers to the increase in size of individual muscle fibres, while hyperplasia refers to the increase in the number of muscle fibres. Hypertrophy can be induced by progressive overload, or strength training, which increases the capacity of an athlete to exert force through muscular contraction. This can be achieved through increasing the size of contractile proteins or increasing the fluid and enzyme content of the muscle cell. During hypertrophy, the cells enlarge as they fill with more cytoplasm, leading to increased strength or function of the tissue.
Hyperplasia, on the other hand, occurs through the division of existing cells, leading to an increase in the overall size of the tissue. Hyperplasia can occur in organs with stem cells that can undergo cellular differentiation, such as the intestines, skin, liver, and bone marrow. It can also be observed in hormonal organs like those in the endocrine and reproductive systems. While hyperplasia has been observed in various animal studies, including birds, mice, cats, and fish, its occurrence in humans is still a subject of debate. Some studies suggest that hyperplasia may contribute to muscle growth, but the evidence is scarce and primarily based on indirect observations.
The distinction between hypertrophy and hyperplasia is important in understanding muscle growth. Hypertrophy is the more predominant mechanism for increasing muscle size, and it can be influenced by factors such as genetics, testosterone levels, and protein intake. On the other hand, hyperplasia is a controversial topic, and its contribution to muscle growth in humans is not yet fully understood.
While hypertrophy and hyperplasia result in similar aesthetics, the underlying mechanisms differ. Hypertrophy occurs through the growth of each muscle cell, while hyperplasia involves the addition of new muscle cells. The debate surrounding hyperplasia centres on the idea of a theoretical growth limit, where fibre splitting may occur to continue muscle growth. However, achieving this limit through training would take decades of intense effort.
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Types of hyperplasia
Hyperplasia is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation. It is considered a physiological (normal) response to a specific stimulus. Hyperplasia can also occur as a pathological response if an excess of hormones or growth factors is responsible for the stimuli.
There are several types of hyperplasia, including:
Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia
Also known as Heck's disease, this type of hyperplasia is characterised by wart-like growths in the mucous tissues of the mouth or, rarely, the throat. It is caused by certain subtypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Myofibre Hyperplasia
This type of hyperplasia is seen in cattle, where genetic mutations cause large muscles due to increased proliferation of myofibres and decreased adipose tissue. This type of hyperplasia can also occur in humans, as evidenced by studies involving resistance training in rats and weight-lifting exercises in cats, which resulted in muscle hyperplasia.
Sebaceous Hyperplasia
This type of hyperplasia is characterised by the development of small yellowish growths on the skin, usually on the face. This condition is neither contagious nor dangerous.
Compensatory Liver Hyperplasia
This type of hyperplasia occurs when the liver undergoes cellular division after acute injury, resulting in new cells that restore liver function back to baseline. The liver has a remarkable ability to regenerate, and even with 75% damage, it can regenerate through hepatocyte division or hyperplasia.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
This type of hyperplasia is also known as prostate enlargement and is characterised by an increase in the size of the prostate gland.
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition where there is an overgrowth of the endometrium, usually in response to unopposed estrogen stimulation in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome or exogenous administration of hormones. Atypical endometrial hyperplasia may increase the risk of developing endometrial adenocarcinoma.
Breast Hyperplasia
This type of hyperplasia affects the cells lining the lobules or ducts inside the breast. It is a benign condition but is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, especially with atypical hyperplasia.
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Frequently asked questions
Hyperplasia is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation.
It is not certain if muscle hyperplasia occurs in humans. There is some evidence to suggest that it does, but it is scarce. It is also not clear how it can be caused.
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, whereas hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of cells.
Hyperplasia has been observed in several animal studies, including those on quails, chickens, rabbits, mice, rats, cats, and fish. These studies have involved extreme protocols that are not similar to human training protocols.
