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Appendicular muscles are those that are attached to the appendicular skeleton, which is made up of the bones that support the appendages (arms and legs) of the body. Appendicular muscles can be found in the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, as well as the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The pectoral girdle is formed by the clavicle and scapula, and the pelvic girdle connects the legs to the axial skeleton at the hip joint.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Appendicular muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs | Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, gracilis, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior |
| Appendicular muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs | Thenar muscles (abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis), hypothenar muscles (abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi), intermediate muscles (lumbricals, palmar interossei, dorsal interossei), rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, triceps brachii, anconeus, pronator teres, pronator quadratus, subclavius, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius, levator scapulae, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, coracobrachialis |
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What You'll Learn
Appendicular muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
The appendicular muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs position and stabilise the pelvic girdle, which serves as a foundation for the lower limbs. The pelvic girdle attaches the legs to the axial skeleton, with the hip joint being where the pelvic girdle and the leg meet.
The hip is joined to the pelvic girdle by many muscles, including the psoas major and iliacus, which form the iliopsoas group. The gluteal muscles or gluteal group are some of the largest and most powerful muscles in the body. The gluteus maximus is the largest; deep to the gluteus maximus is the gluteus medius, and deep to the gluteus medius is the gluteus minimus, the smallest of the trio. These muscles extend and abduct the femur.
The muscles that move the lower leg typically originate on the femur and insert into the bones of the knee joint. The anterior muscles of the femur extend the lower leg and aid in flexing the thigh, while the posterior muscles of the femur flex the lower leg and aid in extending the thigh. The three long muscles on the back of the knee are the hamstring group, which flexes the knee: the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. The tendons of these muscles form the popliteal fossa, the diamond-shaped space at the back of the knee.
The muscles of the leg are divided into three compartments by deep fascia: anterior, lateral, and posterior. The muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg are generally responsible for dorsiflexion, while the muscles of the posterior compartment are responsible for plantar flexion. The lateral and medial muscles in both compartments invert, evert, and rotate the foot. The lateral compartment of the leg includes two muscles: the fibularis longus (peroneus longus) and the fibularis brevis (peroneus brevis). The most superficial and visible muscle of the calf is the gastrocnemius. Deep to the gastrocnemius is the wide, flat soleus. The plantaris runs obliquely between the two.
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Appendicular muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs
The appendicular muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs are those that stabilise and position the pectoral girdle, move the arm, move the forearm, and move the wrists, hands, and fingers.
The pectoral girdle, or shoulder girdle, consists of the lateral ends of the clavicle and scapula, along with the proximal end of the humerus. The girdle creates a base from which the head of the humerus, in its ball-and-socket joint with the glenoid fossa of the scapula, can move the arm in multiple directions. The muscles that position the pectoral girdle are located either on the anterior thorax or on the posterior thorax. The anterior thoracic muscles are the subclavius, pectoralis minor, and the serratus anterior. The posterior thoracic muscles are the trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor.
Nine muscles cross the shoulder joint to move the humerus. The ones that originate on the axial skeleton are the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi. The deltoid, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, and coracobrachialis originate on the scapula. The forearm flexors include the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The extensors are the triceps brachii and anconeus.
The intrinsic muscles of the hand both originate and insert within the hand. These muscles provide the fine motor control of the fingers by flexing, extending, abducting, and adducting the more distal finger and thumb segments.
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Appendicular muscles of the foot
Appendicular muscles are those that attach to the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the limbs. Appendicular muscles of the foot, therefore, refer to the muscles that originate in the foot and extend into the leg bones.
The foot has intrinsic muscles, which are similar to the intrinsic muscles of the hand in that they originate and insert within the foot itself. These muscles provide support for the foot and its arch and also enable the movement of the toes. The plantar muscles, for example, exist in three layers and provide the foot with the strength to counterbalance the weight of the body. The principal support for the longitudinal arch of the foot is a deep fascia called plantar aponeurosis, which runs from the calcaneus bone to the toes.
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg are responsible for dorsiflexion, while the muscles of the posterior compartment are responsible for plantar flexion. The lateral and medial muscles in both compartments invert, evert, and rotate the foot. The muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg include the tibialis anterior, a long and thick muscle on the lateral surface of the tibia, the extensor hallucis longus, and the extensor digitorum longus, which all contribute to raising the front of the foot when they contract. The fibularis tertius is a small muscle that is associated with the extensor digitorum longus and sometimes fused to it, but it is not present in all people.
The superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg insert onto the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon), which is a strong tendon that inserts into the calcaneal bone of the ankle. The muscles in this compartment include the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris. The gastrocnemius is the most superficial and visible muscle of the calf. Deep to the gastrocnemius is the wide, flat soleus, and the plantaris runs obliquely between the two. There are four deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg: the popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior.
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Appendicular muscles of the thigh
Appendicular muscles are those that insert into the femur (thigh bone) and move it. They originate on the pelvic girdle. The psoas major and iliacus make up the iliopsoas group, which are the major flexors of the hip.
Some of the largest and most powerful muscles in the body are the gluteal muscles. The gluteus maximus is the largest, and it is deep to the gluteus medius, which is in turn deep to the smallest muscle in the group, the gluteus minimus.
The tensor fascia latae is a thick, square-shaped muscle in the superior aspect of the lateral thigh. It acts as a synergist of the gluteus medius and iliopsoas in flexing and abducting the thigh. It also helps to stabilise the lateral aspect of the knee by pulling on the iliotibial tract (band), making it taut.
Deep to the gluteus maximus, the piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and quadratus femoris laterally rotate the femur at the hip.
The adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus can both medially and laterally rotate the thigh depending on the placement of the foot. The adductor longus flexes the thigh, while the adductor magnus extends it. The pectineus adducts and flexes the femur at the hip. The pectineus is located in the femoral triangle, which is formed at the junction between the hip and the leg.
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh flex the thigh and extend the leg. This compartment contains the quadriceps femoris group, which is made up of four muscles that extend and stabilise the knee. The rectus femoris is on the anterior aspect of the thigh, the vastus lateralis is on the lateral aspect of the thigh, the vastus medialis is on the medial aspect of the thigh, and the vastus intermedius is between the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis and deep to the rectus femoris.
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Appendicular muscles of the leg
Appendicular muscles are those that insert on the femur (thigh bone) and move it, and they mostly originate on the pelvic girdle. The psoas major and iliacus make up the iliopsoas group. The gluteal muscles or gluteal group includes some of the body's largest and most powerful muscles. The gluteus maximus is the largest, followed by the gluteus medius, and then the gluteus minimus, the smallest of the trio.
The thigh muscles are separated into medial, anterior, and posterior compartments by deep fascia in the thigh. The muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh are responsible for adducting the femur at the hip. The adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus can both medially and laterally rotate the thigh depending on the placement of the foot. The adductor longus flexes the thigh, while the adductor magnus extends it. The pectineus, located in the femoral triangle, adducts and flexes the femur at the hip. The gracilis adducts the thigh and flexes the leg at the knee.
The anterior compartment of the thigh includes muscles that flex the thigh and extend the leg. This compartment contains the quadriceps femoris group, which is made up of four muscles that extend and stabilize the knee: the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius. The sartorius is a band-like muscle that extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial side of the proximal tibia, allowing us to sit cross-legged.
The posterior compartment of the thigh includes muscles that flex the leg and extend the thigh. The hamstring group, which includes the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus, is made up of three long muscles on the back of the knee that flex the knee. The muscles of the leg are divided into three compartments: anterior, lateral, and posterior. The lateral compartment of the leg includes two muscles: the fibularis longus (peroneus longus) and the fibularis brevis (peroneus brevis). The superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg insert onto the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) and are large and strong, keeping humans upright. The gastrocnemius is the most superficial and visible muscle of the calf. Deep to the gastrocnemius is the wide, flat soleus. The plantaris runs obliquely between them. There are four deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg: the popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior.
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Frequently asked questions
The thenar muscles, located on the lateral part of the palm, and the hypothenar muscles, located on the medial part of the palm.
The gluteal muscles, the hamstring group, and the adductor group.
The muscles along the dorsal side of the foot extend the toes, while the muscles of the plantar side flex the toes.
The lateral compartment of the leg includes the fibularis longus and brevis. The superficial muscles in the posterior compartment insert onto the calcaneal tendon.
